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List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

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  • List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)

The contracting states to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) are the states that have signed and ratified the international agreement banning all nuclear explosions in all environments. Technically they will not be "parties" until the treaty enters into force, at which point these states will also be Member States of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which comes into existence upon entry into force of the treaty. Non-contracting states are also listed, including those that are signatories and those are not. States Signatories are Members of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission.

image
Participation in the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
  Annex 2, signed and ratified
  Annex 2, only signed
  Annex 2, non-signatory
  Not Annex 2, signed and ratified
  Not Annex 2, only signed
  Not Annex 2, non-signatory

On September 24, 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was opened for signature. All five nuclear weapons states recognized under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) signed the treaty, with 66 other states following that day. Fiji became the first state to ratify the treaty on October 10, 1996. As of November 2024, 187 states have signed and 178 states have ratified the treaty. Most recently, Papua New Guinea ratified the treaty in March 2024.

Signatures are received at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City by authorized representatives of the state. Ratification is achieved with the approval of either or both chamber of the legislature and executive of the state. The instrument of ratification serves as the document binding the state to the international treaty and can be accepted only with the validating signature of the head of state or other official with full powers to sign it. The instrument is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Under the CTBT, there are 195 Annex 1 states which include a subset of 44 Annex 2 states.

  • Annex 1 states are agreed upon by conference and currently comprise all 193 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue. All Annex 1 states may become members of the Executive Council, the principal decision-making body of the organization responsible for supervising its activities. These states are formally bound to the conditions of the treaty; however, their ratification is not necessary for the treaty to come into effect (unless they are also an Annex 2 state).
  • Annex 2 states are those that formally participated in the 1996 Conference on Disarmament and possessed nuclear power or research reactors at the time. Annex 2 lists the following 44 States: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, and Vietnam.

Nine Annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Russia and the United States have already signed the Treaty, whereas India, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it. The treaty will come into force only with the signature and ratification of the above Annex 2 states of the treaty, 180 days after they have all deposited their instruments of ratification.

Summary

Status Annex 2 states Not Annex 2 states Total Membership
Signed and ratified 35 143 178 Parties to the CTBT
Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission
Member States of the CTBTO (after entry into force)
Only signed 6 3 9 Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission
Non-signatory 3 6 9
Total 44 152 196

Ratifying states

State Annex Signed Ratified
image Afghanistan 1 Sep 24, 2003 Sep 24, 2003
image Albania 1 Sep 27, 1996 Apr 23, 2003
image Algeria 21, 2 Oct 15, 1996 Jul 11, 2003
image Andorra 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 12, 2006
image Angola 1 Sep 27, 1996 Mar 20, 2015
image Antigua and Barbuda 1 Apr 16, 1997 Jan 11, 2006
image Argentina 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 4, 1998
image Armenia 1 Oct 1, 1996 Jul 12, 2006
image Australia 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 9, 1998
image Austria 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 13, 1998
image Azerbaijan 1 Jul 28, 1997 Feb 2, 1999
image Bahamas 1 Feb 4, 2005 Nov 30, 2007
image Bahrain 1 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 12, 2004
image Bangladesh 21, 2 Oct 24, 1996 Mar 8, 2000
image Barbados 1 Jan 14, 2008 Jan 14, 2008
image Belarus 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 13, 2000
image Belgium 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jun 29, 1999
image Belize 1 Nov 14, 2001 Mar 26, 2004
image Benin 1 Sep 27, 1996 Mar 6, 2001
image Bolivia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 4, 1999
image Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 26, 2006
image Botswana 1 Sep 16, 2002 Oct 28, 2002
image Brazil 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 24, 1998
image Brunei 1 Jan 22, 1997 Jan 10, 2013
image Bulgaria 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 29, 1999
image Burkina Faso 1 Sep 27, 1996 Apr 17, 2002
image Burundi 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 24, 2008
image Cabo Verde 1 Oct 1, 1996 Mar 1, 2006
image Cambodia 1 Sep 26, 1996 Nov 10, 2000
image Cameroon 1 Nov 16, 2001 Feb 6, 2006
image Canada 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 18, 1998
image Central African Republic 1 Dec 19, 2001 May 26, 2010
image Chad 1 Oct 18, 1996 Feb 8, 2013
image Chile 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 12, 2000
image Colombia 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jan 29, 2008
image Comoros 1 Dec 12, 1996 Feb 19, 2021
image Democratic Republic of the Congo 21, 2 Oct 4, 1996 Sep 28, 2004
image Republic of the Congo 1 Feb 11, 1997 Sep 2, 2014
image Cook Islands 1 Dec 5, 1997 Sep 6, 2005
image Costa Rica 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 25, 2001
image Côte d'Ivoire 1 Sep 25, 1996 Mar 11, 2003
image Croatia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 2, 2001
image Cuba 1 Feb 4, 2021 Feb 4, 2021
image Cyprus 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 18, 2003
image Czech Republic 1 Nov 12, 1996 Sep 11, 1997
image Denmark 1 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 21, 1998
image Djibouti 1 Oct 21, 1996 Jul 15, 2005
image Dominica 1 May 25, 2022 Jun 30, 2022
image Dominican Republic 1 Oct 3, 1996 Sep 4, 2007
image Ecuador 1 Sep 24, 1996 Nov 12, 2001
image El Salvador 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 11, 1998
image Equatorial Guinea 1 Oct 9, 1996 Sep 21, 2022
image Eritrea 1 Nov 11, 2003 Nov 11, 2003
image Estonia 1 Nov 20, 1996 Aug 13, 1999
image Eswatini 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 21, 2016
image Ethiopia 1 Sep 25, 1996 Aug 8, 2006
image Federated States of Micronesia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 25, 1997
image Fiji 1 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 10, 1996
image Finland 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jan 15, 1999
image France 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 6, 1998
image Gabon 1 Oct 7, 1996 Sep 20, 2000
image Gambia 1 Apr 9, 2003 Mar 24, 2022
image Georgia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 27, 2002
image Germany 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Aug 20, 1998
image Ghana 1 Oct 3, 1996 Jun 14, 2011
image Greece 1 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 21, 1999
image Grenada 1 Oct 10, 1996 Aug 19, 1998
image Guatemala 1 Sep 20, 1999 Jan 12, 2012
image Guinea 1 Oct 3, 1996 Sep 20, 2011
image Guinea-Bissau 1 Apr 11, 1997 Sep 24, 2013
image Guyana 1 Sep 7, 2000 Mar 7, 2001
image Haiti 1 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 1, 2005
image Holy See 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 18, 2001
image Honduras 1 Sep 25, 1996 Oct 30, 2003
image Hungary 21, 2 Sep 25, 1996 Jul 13, 1999
image Iceland 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jun 26, 2000
image Indonesia 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Feb 6, 2012
image Iraq 1 Aug 19, 2008 Sep 26, 2013
image Ireland 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 15, 1999
image Italy 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Feb 1, 1999
image Jamaica 1 Nov 11, 1996 Nov 13, 2001
image Japan 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 8, 1997
image Jordan 1 Sep 26, 1996 Aug 25, 1998
image Kazakhstan 1 Sep 30, 1996 May 14, 2002
image Kenya 1 Nov 14, 1996 Nov 30, 2000
image Kiribati 1 Sep 7, 2000 Sep 7, 2000
image Kuwait 1 Sep 24, 1996 May 6, 2003
image Kyrgyzstan 1 Oct 8, 1996 Oct 2, 2003
image Laos 1 Jul 30, 1997 Oct 5, 2000
image Latvia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Nov 20, 2001
image Lebanon 1 Sep 16, 2005 Nov 11, 2008
image Lesotho 1 Sep 30, 1996 Sep 14, 1999
image Liberia 1 Oct 1, 1996 Aug 17, 2009
image Libya 1 Nov 13, 2001 Jan 6, 2004
image Liechtenstein 1 Sep 27, 1996 Sep 21, 2004
image Lithuania 1 Oct 7, 1996 Feb 7, 2000
image Luxembourg 1 Sep 24, 1996 May 26, 1999
image Madagascar 1 Oct 9, 1996 Sep 15, 2005
image Malawi 1 Oct 9, 1996 Nov 11, 2008
image Malaysia 1 Jul 23, 1998 Jan 17, 2008
image Maldives 1 Oct 1, 1997 Sep 7, 2000
image Mali 1 Feb 18, 1997 Aug 4, 1999
image Malta 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 23, 2001
image Marshall Islands 1 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 28, 2009
image Mauritania 1 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 30, 2003
image Mexico 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 5, 1999
image Moldova 1 Sep 24, 1997 Jan 16, 2007
image Monaco 1 Oct 1, 1996 Dec 18, 1998
image Mongolia 1 Oct 1, 1996 Aug 8, 1997
image Montenegro
(succession from Serbia and Montenegro) 		1 Oct 23, 2006 Oct 23, 2006
image Morocco 1 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 17, 2000
image Mozambique 1 Sep 26, 1996 Nov 4, 2008
image Myanmar 1 Nov 25, 1996 Sep 21, 2016
image Namibia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jun 29, 2001
image Nauru 1 Sep 8, 2000 Nov 12, 2001
image Netherlands 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 23, 1999
image New Zealand 1 Sep 27, 1996 Mar 19, 1999
image Nicaragua 1 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 5, 2000
image Niger 1 Oct 3, 1996 Sep 9, 2002
image Nigeria 1 Sep 8, 2000 Sep 27, 2001
image Niue 1 Apr 9, 2012 Mar 4, 2014
image North Macedonia 1 Oct 29, 1998 Mar 14, 2000
image Norway 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 15, 1999
image Oman 1 Sep 23, 1999 Jun 13, 2003
image Palau 1 Aug 12, 2003 Aug 1, 2007
image Panama 1 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 23, 1999
image Papua New Guinea 1 Sep 25, 1996 Mar 13, 2024
image Paraguay 1 Sep 25, 1996 Oct 4, 2001
image Peru 21, 2 Sep 25, 1996 Nov 12, 1997
image Philippines 1 Sep 24, 1996 Feb 23, 2001
image Poland 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 May 25, 1999
image Portugal 1 Sep 24, 1996 Jun 26, 2000
image Qatar 1 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 3, 1997
image Romania 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 5, 1999
image Rwanda 1 Nov 30, 2004 Nov 30, 2004
image Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 Mar 23, 2004 Apr 27, 2005
image Saint Lucia 1 Oct 4, 1996 Apr 5, 2001
image Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 Jul 2, 2009 Sep 23, 2009
image Samoa 1 Oct 9, 1996 Sep 27, 2002
image San Marino 1 Oct 7, 1996 Mar 12, 2002
image São Tomé and Príncipe 1 Sep 26, 1996 Sep 22, 2022
image Senegal 1 Sep 26, 1996 Jun 9, 1999
image Serbia
(continuing the membership of Serbia and Montenegro) 		1 Jun 8, 2001 May 19, 2004
image Seychelles 1 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 13, 2004
image Sierra Leone 1 Sep 8, 2000 Sep 17, 2001
image Singapore 1 Jan 14, 1999 Nov 10, 2001
image Slovakia 21, 2 Sep 30, 1996 Mar 3, 1998
image Slovenia 1 Sep 24, 1996 Aug 31, 1999
image Solomon Islands 1 Oct 3, 1996 Jan 20, 2023
image South Africa 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 30, 1999
image South Korea 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 24, 1999
image Spain 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Jul 31, 1998
image Sri Lanka 1 Oct 24, 1996 Jul 25, 2023
image Sudan 1 Jun 10, 2004 Jun 10, 2004
image Suriname 1 Jan 14, 1997 Feb 7, 2006
image Sweden 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Dec 2, 1998
image  Switzerland 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Oct 1, 1999
image Tajikistan 1 Oct 7, 1996 Jun 10, 1998
image Tanzania 1 Sep 30, 2004 Sep 30, 2004
image Thailand 1 Nov 12, 1996 Sep 25, 2018
image Timor-Leste 1 Sep 26, 2008 Aug 1, 2022
image Togo 1 Oct 2, 1996 Jul 2, 2004
image Trinidad and Tobago 1 Oct 8, 2009 May 26, 2010
image Tunisia 1 Oct 16, 1996 Sep 23, 2004
image Turkey 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Feb 16, 2000
image Turkmenistan 1 Sep 24, 1996 Feb 20, 1998
image Tuvalu 1 Sep 25, 2018 Mar 31, 2022
image Uganda 1 Nov 7, 1996 Mar 14, 2001
image Ukraine 21, 2 Sep 27, 1996 Feb 23, 2001
image United Arab Emirates 1 Sep 25, 1996 Sep 18, 2000
image United Kingdom 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Apr 6, 1998
image Uruguay 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 21, 2001
image Uzbekistan 1 Oct 3, 1996 May 29, 1997
image Vanuatu 1 Sep 24, 1996 Sep 16, 2005
image Venezuela 1 Oct 3, 1996 May 13, 2002
image Vietnam 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996 Mar 10, 2006
image Zambia 1 Dec 3, 1996 Feb 23, 2006
image Zimbabwe 1 Oct 13, 1999 Feb 13, 2019

Signatory states

The following 9 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

State Annex Signed
image China 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996
image Egypt 21, 2 Oct 14, 1996
image Iran 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996
image Israel 21, 2 Sep 25, 1996
image   Nepal 1 Oct 8, 1996
image Russia 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996
image Somalia 1 Sep 8, 2023
image United States 21, 2 Sep 24, 1996
image Yemen 1 Sep 30, 1996
Notes
  1. Ratified the treaty on 30 June 2000, but subsequently withdrew its ratification, while remaining a signatory, on 3 November 2023.

Non-signatory states

The following 9 UN member states, in addition to the UN observer State of Palestine, have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.

State Annex
image Bhutan 1
image India 21, 2
image Mauritius 1
image North Korea 21, 2
image Pakistan 21, 2
image Saudi Arabia 1
image South Sudan 1
image Syria 1
image Tonga 1

Ratification progress

India

In 1998, India said it would only sign the treaty if the United States presented a schedule for eliminating its nuclear stockpile, a condition the United States rejected.

Israel

In 2016, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that its ratification was dependent upon "the regional context and the appropriate timing".

United States

The United States has signed the CTBT, but not ratified it; there is ongoing debate whether to ratify the CTBT.

The United States has stated that its ratification of the CTBT is conditional upon:

A: The conduct of a Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program to ensure a high level of confidence in the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons in the active stockpile, including the conduct of a broad range of effective and continuing experimental programs.
B: The maintenance of modern nuclear laboratory facilities and programs in theoretical and exploratory nuclear technology which will attract, retain, and ensure the continued application of our human scientific resources to those programs on which continued progress in nuclear technology depends.
C: The maintenance of the basic capability to resume nuclear test activities prohibited by the CTBT should the United States cease to be bound to adhere to this treaty.
D: Continuation of a comprehensive research and development program to improve our treaty monitoring capabilities and operations.
E: The continuing development of a broad range of intelligence gathering and analytical capabilities and operations to ensure accurate and comprehensive information on worldwide nuclear arsenals, nuclear weapons development programs, and related nuclear programs.
F: The understanding that if the President of the United States is informed by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy (DOE) – advised by the Nuclear Weapons Council, the Directors of DOE's nuclear weapons laboratories and the Commander of the U.S. Strategic Command – that a high level of confidence in the safety or reliability of a nuclear weapon type which the two Secretaries consider to be critical to the U.S. nuclear deterrent could no longer be certified, the President, in consultation with Congress, would be prepared to withdraw from the CTBT under the standard "supreme national interests" clause in order to conduct whatever testing might be required.

Proponents of ratification claim that it would:

  1. Establish an international norm that would push other nuclear-capable countries like North Korea, Pakistan, and India to sign.
  2. Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation by vastly limiting a country's ability to make nuclear advancements that only testing can ensure.
  3. Not compromise US national security because the Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program serves as a means for maintaining current US nuclear capabilities without physical detonation.

Opponents of ratification claim that:

  1. The treaty is unverifiable and that other nations could easily cheat.
  2. The ability to enforce the treaty was dubious.
  3. The U.S. nuclear stockpile would not be as safe or reliable in the absence of testing.
  4. The benefit to nuclear nonproliferation was minimal.

On October 13, 1999, the United States Senate rejected ratification of the CTBT. During his 2008 presidential election campaign Barack Obama said that "As president, I will reach out to the Senate to secure the ratification of the CTBT at the earliest practical date." In his speech in Prague on April 5, 2009, he announced that "[To] achieve a global ban on nuclear testing, my administration will immediately and aggressively pursue U.S. ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. After more than five decades of talks, it is time for the testing of nuclear weapons to finally be banned."

An article in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists describes how a North Korean underground nuclear test on May 25, 2009, was detected and the source located by GPS satellites. The authors suggest that the effectiveness of GPS satellites for detecting nuclear explosions enhances the ability to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, giving the United States more reason to ratify it.

See also

  • List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention
  • List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention
  • List of parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
  • List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty
  • List of parties to the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  • List of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
  • List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
  • List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties

References

  1. "Definition of key terms used in the UN Treaty Collection". United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  2. "When did the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty open for signature?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  3. "Status of signature and ratification: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  4. "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
  5. "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations Treaty Collection. 2013-02-24. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
  6. Floyd, Robert [@_RobFloyd] (26 January 2022). "My heartfelt congratulations to Hon. Prime Minister Kausea Natano for his signing of #CTBT instrument of ratification. In doing so, #Tuvalu 🇹🇻 is making a concrete & key contribution to advancing the noble cause of a world free of nuclear testing for now and generations to come. https://t.co/s9C6XqkcFY" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  7. CTBTO [@CTBTO] (22 September 2022). "São Tomé and Príncipe ratifies the #CTBT - the 6th ratification during Treaty's 25th anniversary year. Another important milestone on the road to ending #nuclear testing. CTBT is now universal in Central Africa! Another strong stand on nonproliferation and disarmament by Africa. https://t.co/m4wEYTcvYc" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  8. "How does a State sign the Treaty?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  9. "How does a State ratify the Treaty?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  10. "How does a State deposit its instrument of ratification?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  11. "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2008-07-09. (Article II, Paragraph 28)
  12. "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2008-07-09. (Article XIV)
  13. "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2008-08-02. (Article I, Section C)
  14. "What are the Annex 2 States?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  15. "When will the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty enter into force?". CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  16. "RUSSIAN FEDERATION: RATIFICATION" (PDF). United Nations. 2000-06-30. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  17. "RUSSIAN FEDERATION: WITHDRAWAL OF THE INSTRUMENT OF RATIFICATION" (PDF). United Nations. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  18. Enver, Masud. "Rebuffed by U.S., India, Pakistan Storm Nuclear Club". The Wisdom Fund. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  19. "Israel confirms it'll ratify nuke test ban 'at the right time'". Times of Israel. 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  20. Jonathan Medalia (2 June 2005). "Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty". Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress (US). Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  21. "Press Release: U.S. Stockpile Security and International Monitoring Capabilities Strengthened, Says New Report on Technical Issues Behind the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty". National Research Council of the National Academies. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  22. http://adamvn1.wordpress.com/tag/ctbt/ Kathleen Bailey and Robert Barker, "Why the United States Should Unsign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Resume Nuclear Testing," Comparative Strategy 22 (2003): 131
  23. "Nuclear Testing Is an Acceptable Risk for Arms Control". Scientific American. March 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  24. "Remarks by President Barack Obama, Hradcany Square, Prague, Czech Republic". whitehouse.gov. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2012 – via National Archives.
  25. Park, J., Grejner-Brzezinska, D., von Frese, R. (18 August 2011). "A new way to detect secret nuclear tests: GPS". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

  • Depository website with info on signatures and ratifications
  • Country Profiles on the CTBTO Preparatory Commission Website

Author: www.NiNa.Az

Publication date: Apr 18, 2025 / 14:43

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This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2023 The contracting states to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty CTBT are the states that have signed and ratified the international agreement banning all nuclear explosions in all environments Technically they will not be parties until the treaty enters into force at which point these states will also be Member States of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization CTBTO which comes into existence upon entry into force of the treaty Non contracting states are also listed including those that are signatories and those are not States Signatories are Members of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission Participation in the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Annex 2 signed and ratified Annex 2 only signed Annex 2 non signatory Not Annex 2 signed and ratified Not Annex 2 only signed Not Annex 2 non signatory On September 24 1996 the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty CTBT was opened for signature All five nuclear weapons states recognized under the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty China France Russia the United Kingdom and the United States signed the treaty with 66 other states following that day Fiji became the first state to ratify the treaty on October 10 1996 As of November 2024 187 states have signed and 178 states have ratified the treaty Most recently Papua New Guinea ratified the treaty in March 2024 Signatures are received at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City by authorized representatives of the state Ratification is achieved with the approval of either or both chamber of the legislature and executive of the state The instrument of ratification serves as the document binding the state to the international treaty and can be accepted only with the validating signature of the head of state or other official with full powers to sign it The instrument is deposited with the Secretary General of the United Nations Under the CTBT there are 195 Annex 1 states which include a subset of 44 Annex 2 states Annex 1 states are agreed upon by conference and currently comprise all 193 United Nations member states the Cook Islands Holy See and Niue All Annex 1 states may become members of the Executive Council the principal decision making body of the organization responsible for supervising its activities These states are formally bound to the conditions of the treaty however their ratification is not necessary for the treaty to come into effect unless they are also an Annex 2 state Annex 2 states are those that formally participated in the 1996 Conference on Disarmament and possessed nuclear power or research reactors at the time Annex 2 lists the following 44 States Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Democratic People s Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Finland France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Islamic Republic of Iran Israel Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Republic of Korea Romania Russian Federation Slovakia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States of America and Vietnam Nine Annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty China Egypt Iran Israel Russia and the United States have already signed the Treaty whereas India North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it The treaty will come into force only with the signature and ratification of the above Annex 2 states of the treaty 180 days after they have all deposited their instruments of ratification SummaryStatus Annex 2 states Not Annex 2 states Total Membership Signed and ratified 35 143 178 Parties to the CTBT Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission Member States of the CTBTO after entry into force Only signed 6 3 9 Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission Non signatory 3 6 9 Total 44 152 196Ratifying statesState Annex Signed Ratified Afghanistan 1 Sep 24 2003 Sep 24 2003 Albania 1 Sep 27 1996 Apr 23 2003 Algeria 2 1 2 Oct 15 1996 Jul 11 2003 Andorra 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 12 2006 Angola 1 Sep 27 1996 Mar 20 2015 Antigua and Barbuda 1 Apr 16 1997 Jan 11 2006 Argentina 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Dec 4 1998 Armenia 1 Oct 1 1996 Jul 12 2006 Australia 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 9 1998 Austria 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Mar 13 1998 Azerbaijan 1 Jul 28 1997 Feb 2 1999 Bahamas 1 Feb 4 2005 Nov 30 2007 Bahrain 1 Sep 24 1996 Apr 12 2004 Bangladesh 2 1 2 Oct 24 1996 Mar 8 2000 Barbados 1 Jan 14 2008 Jan 14 2008 Belarus 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 13 2000 Belgium 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jun 29 1999 Belize 1 Nov 14 2001 Mar 26 2004 Benin 1 Sep 27 1996 Mar 6 2001 Bolivia 1 Sep 24 1996 Oct 4 1999 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Sep 24 1996 Oct 26 2006 Botswana 1 Sep 16 2002 Oct 28 2002 Brazil 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 24 1998 Brunei 1 Jan 22 1997 Jan 10 2013 Bulgaria 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Sep 29 1999 Burkina Faso 1 Sep 27 1996 Apr 17 2002 Burundi 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 24 2008 Cabo Verde 1 Oct 1 1996 Mar 1 2006 Cambodia 1 Sep 26 1996 Nov 10 2000 Cameroon 1 Nov 16 2001 Feb 6 2006 Canada 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Dec 18 1998 Central African Republic 1 Dec 19 2001 May 26 2010 Chad 1 Oct 18 1996 Feb 8 2013 Chile 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 12 2000 Colombia 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jan 29 2008 Comoros 1 Dec 12 1996 Feb 19 2021 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 1 2 Oct 4 1996 Sep 28 2004 Republic of the Congo 1 Feb 11 1997 Sep 2 2014 Cook Islands 1 Dec 5 1997 Sep 6 2005 Costa Rica 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 25 2001 Cote d Ivoire 1 Sep 25 1996 Mar 11 2003 Croatia 1 Sep 24 1996 Mar 2 2001 Cuba 1 Feb 4 2021 Feb 4 2021 Cyprus 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 18 2003 Czech Republic 1 Nov 12 1996 Sep 11 1997 Denmark 1 Sep 24 1996 Dec 21 1998 Djibouti 1 Oct 21 1996 Jul 15 2005 Dominica 1 May 25 2022 Jun 30 2022 Dominican Republic 1 Oct 3 1996 Sep 4 2007 Ecuador 1 Sep 24 1996 Nov 12 2001 El Salvador 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 11 1998 Equatorial Guinea 1 Oct 9 1996 Sep 21 2022 Eritrea 1 Nov 11 2003 Nov 11 2003 Estonia 1 Nov 20 1996 Aug 13 1999 Eswatini 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 21 2016 Ethiopia 1 Sep 25 1996 Aug 8 2006 Federated States of Micronesia 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 25 1997 Fiji 1 Sep 24 1996 Oct 10 1996 Finland 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jan 15 1999 France 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Apr 6 1998 Gabon 1 Oct 7 1996 Sep 20 2000 Gambia 1 Apr 9 2003 Mar 24 2022 Georgia 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 27 2002 Germany 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Aug 20 1998 Ghana 1 Oct 3 1996 Jun 14 2011 Greece 1 Sep 24 1996 Apr 21 1999 Grenada 1 Oct 10 1996 Aug 19 1998 Guatemala 1 Sep 20 1999 Jan 12 2012 Guinea 1 Oct 3 1996 Sep 20 2011 Guinea Bissau 1 Apr 11 1997 Sep 24 2013 Guyana 1 Sep 7 2000 Mar 7 2001 Haiti 1 Sep 24 1996 Dec 1 2005 Holy See 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 18 2001 Honduras 1 Sep 25 1996 Oct 30 2003 Hungary 2 1 2 Sep 25 1996 Jul 13 1999 Iceland 1 Sep 24 1996 Jun 26 2000 Indonesia 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Feb 6 2012 Iraq 1 Aug 19 2008 Sep 26 2013 Ireland 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 15 1999 Italy 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Feb 1 1999 Jamaica 1 Nov 11 1996 Nov 13 2001 Japan 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 8 1997 Jordan 1 Sep 26 1996 Aug 25 1998 Kazakhstan 1 Sep 30 1996 May 14 2002 Kenya 1 Nov 14 1996 Nov 30 2000 Kiribati 1 Sep 7 2000 Sep 7 2000 Kuwait 1 Sep 24 1996 May 6 2003 Kyrgyzstan 1 Oct 8 1996 Oct 2 2003 Laos 1 Jul 30 1997 Oct 5 2000 Latvia 1 Sep 24 1996 Nov 20 2001 Lebanon 1 Sep 16 2005 Nov 11 2008 Lesotho 1 Sep 30 1996 Sep 14 1999 Liberia 1 Oct 1 1996 Aug 17 2009 Libya 1 Nov 13 2001 Jan 6 2004 Liechtenstein 1 Sep 27 1996 Sep 21 2004 Lithuania 1 Oct 7 1996 Feb 7 2000 Luxembourg 1 Sep 24 1996 May 26 1999 Madagascar 1 Oct 9 1996 Sep 15 2005 Malawi 1 Oct 9 1996 Nov 11 2008 Malaysia 1 Jul 23 1998 Jan 17 2008 Maldives 1 Oct 1 1997 Sep 7 2000 Mali 1 Feb 18 1997 Aug 4 1999 Malta 1 Sep 24 1996 Jul 23 2001 Marshall Islands 1 Sep 24 1996 Oct 28 2009 Mauritania 1 Sep 24 1996 Apr 30 2003 Mexico 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Oct 5 1999 Moldova 1 Sep 24 1997 Jan 16 2007 Monaco 1 Oct 1 1996 Dec 18 1998 Mongolia 1 Oct 1 1996 Aug 8 1997 Montenegro succession from Serbia and Montenegro 1 Oct 23 2006 Oct 23 2006 Morocco 1 Sep 24 1996 Apr 17 2000 Mozambique 1 Sep 26 1996 Nov 4 2008 Myanmar 1 Nov 25 1996 Sep 21 2016 Namibia 1 Sep 24 1996 Jun 29 2001 Nauru 1 Sep 8 2000 Nov 12 2001 Netherlands 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Mar 23 1999 New Zealand 1 Sep 27 1996 Mar 19 1999 Nicaragua 1 Sep 24 1996 Dec 5 2000 Niger 1 Oct 3 1996 Sep 9 2002 Nigeria 1 Sep 8 2000 Sep 27 2001 Niue 1 Apr 9 2012 Mar 4 2014 North Macedonia 1 Oct 29 1998 Mar 14 2000 Norway 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 15 1999 Oman 1 Sep 23 1999 Jun 13 2003 Palau 1 Aug 12 2003 Aug 1 2007 Panama 1 Sep 24 1996 Mar 23 1999 Papua New Guinea 1 Sep 25 1996 Mar 13 2024 Paraguay 1 Sep 25 1996 Oct 4 2001 Peru 2 1 2 Sep 25 1996 Nov 12 1997 Philippines 1 Sep 24 1996 Feb 23 2001 Poland 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 May 25 1999 Portugal 1 Sep 24 1996 Jun 26 2000 Qatar 1 Sep 24 1996 Mar 3 1997 Romania 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Oct 5 1999 Rwanda 1 Nov 30 2004 Nov 30 2004 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 Mar 23 2004 Apr 27 2005 Saint Lucia 1 Oct 4 1996 Apr 5 2001 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 Jul 2 2009 Sep 23 2009 Samoa 1 Oct 9 1996 Sep 27 2002 San Marino 1 Oct 7 1996 Mar 12 2002 Sao Tome and Principe 1 Sep 26 1996 Sep 22 2022 Senegal 1 Sep 26 1996 Jun 9 1999 Serbia continuing the membership of Serbia and Montenegro 1 Jun 8 2001 May 19 2004 Seychelles 1 Sep 24 1996 Apr 13 2004 Sierra Leone 1 Sep 8 2000 Sep 17 2001 Singapore 1 Jan 14 1999 Nov 10 2001 Slovakia 2 1 2 Sep 30 1996 Mar 3 1998 Slovenia 1 Sep 24 1996 Aug 31 1999 Solomon Islands 1 Oct 3 1996 Jan 20 2023 South Africa 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Mar 30 1999 South Korea 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Sep 24 1999 Spain 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Jul 31 1998 Sri Lanka 1 Oct 24 1996 Jul 25 2023 Sudan 1 Jun 10 2004 Jun 10 2004 Suriname 1 Jan 14 1997 Feb 7 2006 Sweden 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Dec 2 1998 Switzerland 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Oct 1 1999 Tajikistan 1 Oct 7 1996 Jun 10 1998 Tanzania 1 Sep 30 2004 Sep 30 2004 Thailand 1 Nov 12 1996 Sep 25 2018 Timor Leste 1 Sep 26 2008 Aug 1 2022 Togo 1 Oct 2 1996 Jul 2 2004 Trinidad and Tobago 1 Oct 8 2009 May 26 2010 Tunisia 1 Oct 16 1996 Sep 23 2004 Turkey 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Feb 16 2000 Turkmenistan 1 Sep 24 1996 Feb 20 1998 Tuvalu 1 Sep 25 2018 Mar 31 2022 Uganda 1 Nov 7 1996 Mar 14 2001 Ukraine 2 1 2 Sep 27 1996 Feb 23 2001 United Arab Emirates 1 Sep 25 1996 Sep 18 2000 United Kingdom 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Apr 6 1998 Uruguay 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 21 2001 Uzbekistan 1 Oct 3 1996 May 29 1997 Vanuatu 1 Sep 24 1996 Sep 16 2005 Venezuela 1 Oct 3 1996 May 13 2002 Vietnam 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Mar 10 2006 Zambia 1 Dec 3 1996 Feb 23 2006 Zimbabwe 1 Oct 13 1999 Feb 13 2019Signatory statesThe following 9 states have signed but not ratified the treaty State Annex Signed China 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Egypt 2 1 2 Oct 14 1996 Iran 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Israel 2 1 2 Sep 25 1996 Nepal 1 Oct 8 1996 Russia 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Somalia 1 Sep 8 2023 United States 2 1 2 Sep 24 1996 Yemen 1 Sep 30 1996 Notes Ratified the treaty on 30 June 2000 but subsequently withdrew its ratification while remaining a signatory on 3 November 2023 Non signatory statesThe following 9 UN member states in addition to the UN observer State of Palestine have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty State Annex Bhutan 1 India 2 1 2 Mauritius 1 North Korea 2 1 2 Pakistan 2 1 2 Saudi Arabia 1 South Sudan 1 Syria 1 Tonga 1Ratification progressIndia In 1998 India said it would only sign the treaty if the United States presented a schedule for eliminating its nuclear stockpile a condition the United States rejected Israel In 2016 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that its ratification was dependent upon the regional context and the appropriate timing United States The United States has signed the CTBT but not ratified it there is ongoing debate whether to ratify the CTBT The United States has stated that its ratification of the CTBT is conditional upon A The conduct of a Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program to ensure a high level of confidence in the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons in the active stockpile including the conduct of a broad range of effective and continuing experimental programs B The maintenance of modern nuclear laboratory facilities and programs in theoretical and exploratory nuclear technology which will attract retain and ensure the continued application of our human scientific resources to those programs on which continued progress in nuclear technology depends C The maintenance of the basic capability to resume nuclear test activities prohibited by the CTBT should the United States cease to be bound to adhere to this treaty D Continuation of a comprehensive research and development program to improve our treaty monitoring capabilities and operations E The continuing development of a broad range of intelligence gathering and analytical capabilities and operations to ensure accurate and comprehensive information on worldwide nuclear arsenals nuclear weapons development programs and related nuclear programs F The understanding that if the President of the United States is informed by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy DOE advised by the Nuclear Weapons Council the Directors of DOE s nuclear weapons laboratories and the Commander of the U S Strategic Command that a high level of confidence in the safety or reliability of a nuclear weapon type which the two Secretaries consider to be critical to the U S nuclear deterrent could no longer be certified the President in consultation with Congress would be prepared to withdraw from the CTBT under the standard supreme national interests clause in order to conduct whatever testing might be required Proponents of ratification claim that it would Establish an international norm that would push other nuclear capable countries like North Korea Pakistan and India to sign Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation by vastly limiting a country s ability to make nuclear advancements that only testing can ensure Not compromise US national security because the Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program serves as a means for maintaining current US nuclear capabilities without physical detonation Opponents of ratification claim that The treaty is unverifiable and that other nations could easily cheat The ability to enforce the treaty was dubious The U S nuclear stockpile would not be as safe or reliable in the absence of testing The benefit to nuclear nonproliferation was minimal On October 13 1999 the United States Senate rejected ratification of the CTBT During his 2008 presidential election campaign Barack Obama said that As president I will reach out to the Senate to secure the ratification of the CTBT at the earliest practical date In his speech in Prague on April 5 2009 he announced that To achieve a global ban on nuclear testing my administration will immediately and aggressively pursue U S ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty After more than five decades of talks it is time for the testing of nuclear weapons to finally be banned An article in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists describes how a North Korean underground nuclear test on May 25 2009 was detected and the source located by GPS satellites The authors suggest that the effectiveness of GPS satellites for detecting nuclear explosions enhances the ability to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty giving the United States more reason to ratify it See alsoList of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention List of parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty List of parties to the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty List of parties to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treatiesReferences Definition of key terms used in the UN Treaty Collection United Nations Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 Retrieved 14 January 2013 When did the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty open for signature CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Status of signature and ratification CTBTO Preparatory Commission CTBTO Preparatory Commission 2010 05 26 Retrieved 2010 05 27 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs Retrieved 2013 02 24 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty United Nations Treaty Collection 2013 02 24 Retrieved 2013 02 24 Floyd Robert RobFloyd 26 January 2022 My heartfelt congratulations to Hon Prime Minister Kausea Natano for his signing of CTBT instrument of ratification In doing so Tuvalu is making a concrete amp key contribution to advancing the noble cause of a world free of nuclear testing for now and generations to come https t co s9C6XqkcFY Tweet Archived from the original on 29 January 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter CTBTO CTBTO 22 September 2022 Sao Tome and Principe ratifies the CTBT the 6th ratification during Treaty s 25th anniversary year Another important milestone on the road to ending nuclear testing CTBT is now universal in Central Africa Another strong stand on nonproliferation and disarmament by Africa https t co m4wEYTcvYc Tweet Archived from the original on 5 December 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter How does a State sign the Treaty CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 How does a State ratify the Treaty CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 How does a State deposit its instrument of ratification CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty United Nations Archived from the original on 2014 12 17 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Article II Paragraph 28 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty United Nations Archived from the original on 2014 12 17 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Article XIV Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty United Nations Archived from the original on 2014 12 17 Retrieved 2008 08 02 Article I Section C What are the Annex 2 States CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 When will the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty enter into force CTBTO Preparatory Commission Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Retrieved 2008 07 09 RUSSIAN FEDERATION RATIFICATION PDF United Nations 2000 06 30 Retrieved 2023 11 12 RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITHDRAWAL OF THE INSTRUMENT OF RATIFICATION PDF United Nations 2023 11 08 Retrieved 2023 11 12 Enver Masud Rebuffed by U S India Pakistan Storm Nuclear Club The Wisdom Fund Retrieved 8 January 2012 Israel confirms it ll ratify nuke test ban at the right time Times of Israel 2016 06 20 Retrieved 2016 06 20 Jonathan Medalia 2 June 2005 Nuclear Weapons Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress US Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 Retrieved 4 December 2011 Press Release U S Stockpile Security and International Monitoring Capabilities Strengthened Says New Report on Technical Issues Behind the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty National Research Council of the National Academies 30 March 2012 Retrieved 21 May 2012 http adamvn1 wordpress com tag ctbt Kathleen Bailey and Robert Barker Why the United States Should Unsign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Resume Nuclear Testing Comparative Strategy 22 2003 131 Nuclear Testing Is an Acceptable Risk for Arms Control Scientific American March 2009 Retrieved 4 December 2011 Remarks by President Barack Obama Hradcany Square Prague Czech Republic whitehouse gov 5 April 2005 Retrieved 21 May 2012 via National Archives Park J Grejner Brzezinska D von Frese R 18 August 2011 A new way to detect secret nuclear tests GPS Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 20 March 2015 a href wiki Template Cite web title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External linksDepository website with info on signatures and ratifications Country Profiles on the CTBTO Preparatory Commission Website

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