Same-sex marriage in the United States public opinion

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States has significantly changed since the 1990s, and a majority of Americans now favor same-sex marriage.

Degree of public support for same-sex marriage by state in 2023:

   80–81%

   70–79%

   60–69%

   50–59%

   49% (plurality support)

Approval of same-sex marriage is higher in younger generations; in the 2022 General Social Survey, almost 80% of 18–34 year olds either agreed or strongly agreed that same-sex couples should have the right to marry. From 1988 to 2009, support for recognized same-sex marriage increased between 1% and 1.5% per year, and accelerated thereafter, rising above 50% in Pew Research Center polling for the first time in 2011. A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute poll found that a majority of people in every state support same-sex marriage except in Mississippi, where there is plurality support.

A 2023 New York Times/Siena poll found that 70% of Americans support same-sex marriage and 22% oppose it. Garretson (2018) writes: "The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling."

Overview

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States has changed radically since polling of the American people regarding the issue was first conducted in 1988. The issue of same-sex marriage was not brought up as an issue for public debate until at least the 1950s and was not a political issue until the 1970s. According to statistician Nate Silver of the poll aggregator FiveThirtyEight, from 1988 to April 2009, support for same-sex marriage increased between 1% and 1.5% per year and about 4% from April 2009 to August 2010. A Pew Research Center poll, conducted from May 21, 2008, to May 25, 2008, found that, for the first time, a majority of Americans did not oppose same-sex marriage, with opposition having fallen to 49%. An ABC News/Washington Post poll, conducted from April 21, 2009, to April 24, 2009, found that, for the first time, a plurality of Americans supported same-sex marriage at 49% and that a majority of Americans supported the marriages of same-sex couples validly entered into in one state being recognized in all states at 53%. A CNN/Opinion Research poll, conducted from August 6, 2010, to August 10, 2010, found that, for the first time, a majority of Americans supported same-sex marriage at 52%. A Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research poll, conducted from January 25, 2015, to January 31, 2015, found that, for the first time, 60% of Americans supported same-sex marriage. This was five months before the landmark June 26, 2015 Supreme Court decision, Obergefell v. Hodges, which ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The 5–4 ruling required all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Insular Areas to perform and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples on the same terms and conditions as the marriages of opposite-sex couples, with equal rights and responsibilities. Prior to Obergefell, same-sex marriage had already been established by statute, court ruling, or voter initiative in 36 states, the District of Columbia, and Guam.

Continual polling by Gallup over the course of more than two decades has shown that support for same-sex marriage has grown rapidly, while opposition has simultaneously collapsed. In 1996, 68% of Americans opposed same-sex marriage, while only 27% supported. In 2018, 67% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while only 31% opposed. As of 2018, 60% of Americans said they would not mind if their child married someone of the same gender.

National polls

Since Obergefell v. Hodges

2020–present

A Religious Landscape Study by Pew Research conducted between 2023 and 2024 found that 67% of American adults favored same-sex marriage while 32% opposed it.

A 2024 Gallup poll found that 69% of Americans (83% of Democrats, 74% of independents, and 46% of Republicans) supported same-sex marriage, while 29% opposed it.

A 2023 poll by the New York Times and Siena College Research Institute found that 70% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 22% opposed it.

A 2023 Gallup poll found that 71% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 28% opposed it.

According to The Nation, a private poll conducted by before the passage of the Respect for Marriage Act in late 2022 found that 73% of Americans support same-sex marriage; the percentage of Americans opposed to same-sex marriage was not listed.

A December 2022 Quinnipiac University poll found that 68% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 22 percent opposed it.

A September 2022 Grinnell College National Poll found that 74% of Americans believe same-sex marriage should be a guaranteed right while 13% disagreed and 13% were uncertain.

A May 2022 Gallup poll found that 71% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 28% were against.

The 2022 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that 69% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 28% opposed it.

A June 2021 CBS News/YouGov poll found that 64% of Americans supported same-sex marriage while 36% were opposed. Two-thirds of Republicans over age 45 are opposed, but the opinions of Republicans under age 45 are almost evenly split with 52% oppose and 48% support same sex marriage.

A 2021 Public Religion Research Institute poll found that 67% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 32% were opposed.

A June 2021 Gallup poll found that 70% of Americans supported same-sex marriage and 29% were against.

A June 2020 Gallup poll found that 67% of Americans supported same sex marriage, while 31% were against, matching their May 2018 record high.

A Public Religion Research Institute nationwide & state-by-state poll conducted in 2020 found that 67% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 27% opposed, and 5% refused to answer or answered "don't know," with there being majority support for same-sex marriage in 46 states, and plurality support in 4 states.

A 2020 American National Election Studies poll found that 66% of Americans supported legal recognition of same-sex marriage, 20% supported civil unions, while 14% of Americans were opposed to any legal recognition of same-sex relationships.

2016–2019

A June 2019 CBS News poll found that 67% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 28% were against.

A June 2019 IPSOS/Reuters poll found that 58% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 28% were against.

A May 2019 Pew Research Center poll found 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage while 31% were against.

A May 2019 Gallup poll found that 63% of Americans supported same sex marriage, with 36% opposing it. While this is a drop when compared to 2018, same sex marriage approval still remains stable.

A May 2018 Gallup poll found that 67% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 31% opposed, and 2% had no opinion.

An April 2018 NBC News poll found that 64% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 33% opposed, and 3% had no opinion. The poll was reported by NBC News as notable as it found that 55% of Southerners supported same-sex marriage, which represented an historic change for a region that was previously staunchly opposed.

A Public Religion Research Institute nationwide & state-by-state poll conducted throughout 2017 found that 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 30% opposed, and 9% refused to answer or answered "don't know," with there being majority support for same-sex marriage in 44 states, plurality support in 4 states, plurality opposition in 1 state, and majority opposition in 1 state.

An August 2017 NBC News/The Wall Street Journal poll found that 60% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 33% opposed, and 7% had no opinion.

A June 2017 Pew Research Center poll found 62% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 32% opposed, and 6% had no opinion. This marked the first Pew poll where a majority of Baby Boomers supported same-sex marriage, did not oppose same-sex marriage.

A May 2017 Gallup poll found 64% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 34% opposed, and 2% had no opinion. This marked the first Gallup poll where a majority of Protestants supported same-sex marriage.

A May 2016 Gallup poll found 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 37% opposed, and 2% had no opinion. This marked the first Gallup poll where a majority of Americans aged 65 and older supported same-sex marriage.

Before Obergefell v. Hodges

2010–2015

2015

A May Gallup poll found 60% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 37% opposed, and 3% had no opinion.

A February–March Wall Street Journal poll found that 59% of Americans favored same-sex marriage.

A January–February Human Rights Campaign poll found that 60% of Americans favored same-sex marriage, while 37% opposed. The same poll also found that 46% of respondents knew a same-sex couple who had gotten married.

A February 12–15 CNN/ORC poll found that 63% of Americans believed same-sex marriage is a constitutional right, while 36% disagreed.

2014

A May Gallup poll found that 55% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 42% opposed, and 4% had no opinion.

An April Public Religion Research Institute poll sponsored by the Ford Foundation found that 55% of all Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 39% were opposed.

A Pew Research Center poll released in March found 54% of Americans favored same-sex marriage, 39% opposed, and 7% didn't know. It also researched support for same-sex marriage among Republican leaning voters in the United States. 61% of Republican leaning voters aged 18–29 supported allowing same-sex couples to marry, while only 27% of Republican leaning voters over 50 years of age were supportive. 52% of Republican voters aged 18–50 supported same-sex marriage.

A Washington Post/ABC News poll from February–March found that a record high of 59% of Americans approved of same-sex marriage, with only 34% opposed and 7% with no opinion. The poll also revealed that 53% of the population in the states that did not allow same-sex couples to marry at the time approved of same-sex marriage. 50% of respondents agreed that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the freedom to marry regardless of sex or sexual orientation, while 41% disagreed, and 9% had no opinion. The same poll also found that 81% of people believed that businesses should not be allowed to refuse to serve gays and lesbians. 16% disagreed, and 3% had no opinion. 78% thought that gay couples can be "just as good parents" as straight couples, while 18% disagreed and 4% had no opinion.

2013

A November/December Public Religion Research Institute poll sponsored by the Ford Foundation found that 53% of all Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 41% were opposed and 6% unsure. The margin of error was 1.1%. The same poll found clear majorities in favor of same-sex marriage in the Northeast (60%), West (58%), and Midwest (51%). Only the South was evenly divided 48% in favor to 48% opposed. Further, nearly 7-in-10 (69%) of those born after 1980 (ages 18–33) favored allowing same-sex couples to marry.

A Bloomberg National Poll conducted by Selzer & Company taken during September 20–23, 2013 found that 55% supported same-sex marriage, while 36% opposed and 9% were unsure.

A September Quinnipiac University poll found that 56% of American adults and 57% of registered voters supported same-sex marriage. Only 36% of both groups were opposed.

A July 10–14 poll by Gallup found support for same-sex marriage at 54%, a record high, and double the support of 27% Gallup first measured when the question was asked in 1996.

A July poll by USA Today found that 55% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 40% did not.

A May 9 Washington Post-ABC News poll found that 55% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 40% did not.

A March 20–24 CBS News Poll found that 53% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, 39% opposed it, and 8% were undecided. The same poll also found that 33% of Americans who thought same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry said they once held the opposite view and had changed their opinion.

A March 7–10 Washington Post-ABC News poll found that 58% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 36% opposed. The poll indicated that 52% of GOP-leaning independents under 50 years old supported same-sex marriage.

A March Quinnipiac University poll of voters found 47% supported same-sex marriage and 43% were opposed.

2012

A November 26–29 Gallup poll found that 53% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 46% did not.

A November 16–19 CBS News poll found that 51% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 40% did not.

A November 7–11 ABC News/Washington Post poll found that 51% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 47% were opposed.

A June 6 CNN/ORC International poll showed that a majority of Americans supported same-sex marriage being legalized at 54%, while 42% were opposed.

A May 22 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll showed that 54% of Americans would support a law in their state making same-sex marriage legal, with 40% opposed.

A May 17–20 ABC News/Washington Post poll showed that 53% believed same-sex marriage should be legal, with only 39% opposed, a low point for opposition in any national poll that far. A May 10 USA Today/Gallup Poll, taken one day after Barack Obama became the first sitting president to express support for same-sex marriage, showed 51% of Americans agreed with the President's endorsement, while 45% disagreed. A May 8 Gallup Poll showed majority support for same-sex marriage nationwide, with 50% in favor and 48% opposed. An April Pew Research Center poll showed support for same-sex marriage at 48%, while opposition fell to 44%.

A March 7–10 ABC News/Washington Post poll found 52% of adults thought it should be legal for same-sex couples to get married, while 42% disagreed and 5% were unsure. A March survey by the Public Religion Research Institute found 52% of Americans supported allowing same-sex couples to marry, while 44% opposed. A February 29 – March 3 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll found 49% of adults supported allowing same-sex couples to marry, while 40% opposed.

2011

Public support for same-sex marriage continued to grow in 2011. In February and March, a Pew Research Center for the People & the Press survey found about as many adults favored (45%) as opposed (46%) allowing same-sex couples to marry legally, compared to a 2009 Pew Research survey that found just 37% backed same-sex marriage while 54% opposed. In March and April, polls by Gallup, ABC News/Washington Post, and CNN/Opinion Research all showed that a majority of Americans approved of same-sex marriage. In March, Pew reported that 57% of Democrats favored legal recognition for same-sex marriage, and 51% of independents agreed, but only 23% of Republicans agreed. An April CNN/Opinion Research Poll showed majority support including 64% of Democrats and 55% of independents, but only 27% of Republicans.

In March 2011, Democracy Corps conducted a survey of 1,000 likely 2012 election voters in 50 congressional districts considered political battlegrounds. It asked respondents to rate their feelings on the same-sex marriage issue on a 0–100 scale, with 100 being "very warm" or favorable feelings, and 0 being "very cold" or unfavorable feelings. 42% were on the "cool" or unfavorable side, and 35% were on the "warm" or favorable side. A May 2011 Gallup Poll also showed majority support for same-sex marriage, 53% in favor to 45% opposed. Gallup measured a 9-point increase in support, from 44% to 53%, indicating that support increased faster than in any previous year.

2010

An August Associated Press/National Constitution Center poll found 52% agreed that the federal government should give legal recognition to marriages between couples of the same sex, an increase from 46% in 2009. 46% disagreed, compared to 53% in 2009. An August CNN/Opinion Research Poll showed that 49% of respondents thought gays and lesbians do have a constitutional right to get married and have their marriage recognized by law as valid, and 52% thought gays and lesbians should have that right. Earlier polls in February and May found opinion divided within the margin of error, but with a consistent trend of increasing support and decreasing opposition compared to prior years. One August poll found majority opposition, and a November exit poll of 17,504 voters by CNN during the 2010 midterm elections found 53% opposition with 41% support.

2000s

2009

An April 30 ABC News/Washington Post poll found support for allowing same-sex couples to marry in the United States ahead of opposition for the first time: 49% support, 46% opposition, and 5% with no opinion. In addition, 53% believed that same-sex marriages performed in other states should be legal in their states. 62% of Democrats and 52% of Independents supported same-sex marriage, while 74% of Republicans opposed. An April 22–26 poll by CBS/New York Times found 42% supported marriage for same-sex couples, 25% supported civil unions, and 28% opposed any legal recognition of same-sex couples. 5% of respondents were unsure. In April, Nate Silver noted that the discrepancy in support for same-sex marriage appeared to result from 5-10% of respondents who favored civil unions over same-sex marriage, but given only two choices, would support same-sex marriage. A LifeWay Research poll conducted in August 2009 found that 61% of Americans born between 1980 and 1991 saw nothing wrong with two people of the same gender getting married, while 39% disagreed. The survey was conducted on a demographically representative survey of 1,200 U.S. adults between 18 and 29 years old.

2008

A December poll revealed that 32% supported the concept of civil unions, 31% would offer full marriage rights to same-sex couples, and 30% opposed any legal recognition for gay and lesbian partnerships. In a July 17 poll by the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, 55 percent opposed same-sex marriage, and 36 percent were in favor. An ABC News poll found that a majority (58%) of Americans remained opposed to same-sex marriages, while a minority (36%) support them. However, on the question of a constitutional amendment, more were opposed than for it. The majority (51%) of Americans said the issue should be left for the states to decide, while 43% would agree with amending the Constitution. A July poll by Quinnipiac University Polling Institute revealed that 32% would allow homosexual partners to legally marry, 33% would permit them to form civil unions, and 29% would grant them no legal recognition.

2006

In May, a Gallup poll found that opposition to same-sex marriage had fallen slightly, as other polls found a sharper dip. In the poll, when asked if marriages between homosexuals should be recognized by law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages, 58% (down 1 point from Aug 2005, and 9 points from March 1996) of Americans responded that they should not be recognized. 39% (up 2 points from Aug 2005, and 12 points from 1996) felt same-sex marriages should be recognized by law. If "homosexuals" is replaced with "same-sex couples", 42% backed same-sex marriage while 56% opposed it.

In June, a Princeton Survey Research Associates/Pew Research Center poll found a rise in those opposed to same-sex marriage, with 56% disapproving. In March, a Princeton Survey Research Associates/Pew Research Center poll concluded that 39% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 51% opposed it, and 10% were undecided. A Pew study in March found that 51% opposed same-sex marriage, with 39% supporting it, and the level of "strongly opposing" same-sex marriage had fallen from 42% to 28%. Pew's May 2008 Survey found that for the first time, a majority of people did not oppose same-sex marriage at 49%. 20% opposed and 29% strongly opposed same-sex marriage, up 1% from the March 2006 Pew Research Results.

2004

In December, a Princeton Survey Research Associates/Pew Research Center poll found 61% of Americans opposed (including 38% "strongly opposed").

20th century

An October 1989 Yankelovich Clancy Shulman telephone poll found that 84% of Americans opposed same-sex marriage, with 12% supporting same-sex marriage, and 4% being not sure. A 1988 International Social Survey Programme poll found that 80.3% of Americans opposed same-sex marriage, while 11.9% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, and 2.1% of Americans neither agreed or disagreed. A 1988 National Opinion Research Center / General Social Survey / University of Chicago poll found that 82.6% of Americans opposed same-sex marriage, 10.7% of Americans supported it, 3.9% of Americans neither agreed or disagreed, and 2.8% didn't know / etc.

Demographic differences

By age

Date(s) conducted	Age	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	18-29	79%	19%	2%		351 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	18-34	75%			2.82%	360 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	18-48	72%	24%	4%		1,016 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	30-49	67%	28%	5%		665 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	35-49	60%			2.82%	300 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	50-64	55%			2.82%	336 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	50-64	56%	38%	6%		778 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	50+	52%	41%	7%		1,452 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	65+	42%			2.82%	204 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	65+	46%	45%	9%		674 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews

By education

Date(s) conducted	Education	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	College grad	72%	23%	6%		719 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	College grad+	75%	21%	5%		1,199 adults
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	College graduates	68%			2.82%	468 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	High school or less	48%				372 adults
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	HS or less	53%	41%	6%		634 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Non-college	57%	37%	6%		1,295 adults
	Postgrad	79%	17%	3%		480 adults
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Postgraduates	72%			2.82%	168 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	Some college	61%				192 adults
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Some college	62%	32%	6%		661 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews

By ethnicity or race

Date(s) conducted	Ethnicity or race	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Black, non-Hispanic	51%	41%	7%	7.3%	241 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	African-American	51%			2.82%	144 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	Hispanic	66%				840 adults
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Hispanic	60%	36%	5%	6.5%	297 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Total Non-White	60%			2.82%	312 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	White	60%				888 adults
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	White, non-Hispanic	64%	31%	5%	2.7%	1,737 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews

By gender

Date(s) conducted	Gender	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Men	61%			2.82%	576 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017		60%	34%	6%		1,355 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Women	59%			2.82%	624 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017		64%	30%	5%		1,149 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews

By geography

Date(s) conducted	Geography	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Rural	47%	2.82%		NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	Suburban	61%
	Urban	66%

By income

Date(s) conducted	Income	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	<$30,000	54%	39%	7%		568 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	$30,000-$74,999	65%	31%	5%		787 adults
	$75,000+	72%	23%	5%		951 adults

By political affiliation

Date(s) conducted	Political affiliation	State sanctioned same-sex marriage should be valid / Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Dem/Dem lean	76%	19%	5%	3.2%	1,230 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Democrat	73%	22%	5%		777 adults	Pew Research Center
May 1, 2018 – May 10, 2018	Democrats	83%			4%	1,024 adults	Gallup	Telephone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Independent	70%	26%	5%		989 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
May 1, 2018 – May 10, 2018	Independents	71%			4%	1,024 adults	Gallup	Telephone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Rep/Rep lean	47%	48%	5%	3.5%	1,050 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Republican	40%	54%	5%		612 adults	Pew Research Center
May 1, 2018 – May 10, 2018	Republicans	44%			4%	1,024 adults	Gallup	Telephone interviews
February 11, 2020 – November 22, 2020	Republicans	51%			1.1%	10,052 adults	PRRI	Interviews

By political affiliation by generation

Date(s) conducted	Political affiliation by generation	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Democratic Millennials	87%	12%	2%		344 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Democratic Gen Xers	76%	18%	5%		268 adults
	Democratic Baby Boomers	70%	26%	4%		463 adults
	Democratic Silents	56%	31%	13%		140 adults
	Republican Millennials	60%	38%	2%		198 adults
	Republican Gen Xers	51%	43%	6%		215 adults
	Republican Baby Boomers	42%	53%	6%		421 adults
	Republican Silents	29%	62%	9%		188 adults

By political affiliation by ideology

Date(s) conducted	Political affiliation by ideology	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Conservative Rep/Lean Rep	39%	55%	6%		698 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Liberal Dem/Lean Dem	66%	27%	7%		617 adults
	Moderate/Cons Dem/Lean Dem	88%	10%	2%		613 adults
	Moderate/Lib Rep/Lean Rep	63%	33%	4%		352 adults

By religious affiliation

Date(s) conducted	Religious affiliation	State sanctioned same-sex marriage should be valid / Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
May 3, 2017 – May 7, 2017	Catholics	65%			4%		Gallup	Telephone interviews
	Protestants/Christians (nonspecific)	55%
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Total Catholic	67%	28%	6%		502 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Total Protestant	48%	46%	6%		1,165 adults
	Total Unaffiliated	85%	10%	4%		597 adults
September 9 – 22, 2020	Hispanic Catholics	78%					Public Religion Research Institute	Online (2,496), some telephone (42)
	White Catholics	67%
	White mainline Protestants	79%
	Hispanic Protestants	68%
	Black Protestants	57%
	White evangelical Protestants	34%
	Non-Christian religious	72%
	Christian: Other	56%
	Unaffiliated	90%

By religious attendance

Date(s) conducted	Religious attendance	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Less than weekly	75%	20%	5%		1,619 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Monthly	59%			2.82%	204 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
	Never	80%				288 adults
	Weekly	34%				384 adults
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017	Weekly or more	34%	66%	6%		863 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017	Yearly	70%			2.82%	312 adults	NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews

Regional, state, and local level polls

By state, federal district, or territory

Date(s) conducted	State, federal district, or territory	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
April 5, 2022 – December 23, 2022	Alabama	53%	41%	6%	261 adults	Public Religion Research Institute [1]	Telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
	Alaska	70%	30%	N/A	160 adults
	Arizona	70%	26%	4%	558 adults
	Arkansas	51%	47%	1%	176 adults
	California	72%	26%	2%	2,295 adults
	Colorado	74%	24%	2%	389 adults
	Connecticut	81%	18%	1%	274 adults
	Delaware	69%	29%	2%	164 adults
	Florida	69%	28%	3%	1,457 adults
	Georgia	62%	36%	3%	601 adults
	Hawaii	69%	30%	1%	157 adults
	Idaho	64%	36%	N/A	167 adults
	Illinois	77%	20%	2%	740 adults
	Indiana	67%	31%	1%	414 adults
	Iowa	75%	20%	4%	218 adults
	Kansas	69%	30%	1%	177 adults
	Kentucky	57%	42%	1%	516 adults
	Louisiana	62%	36%	2%	214 adults
	Maine	82%	19%	N/A	167 adults
	Maryland	71%	26%	2%	401 adults
	Massachusetts	83%	12%	4%	446 adults
	Michigan	68%	30%	2%	715 adults
	Minnesota	77%	21%	2%	403 adults
	Mississippi	49%	48%	4%	178 adults
	Missouri	63%	36%	1%	406 adults
	Montana	70%	29%	1%	164 adults
	Nebraska	60%	33%	6%	163 adults
	Nevada	78%	20%	2%	196 adults
	New Hampshire	82%	17%	1%	182 adults
	New Jersey	76%	21%	3%	590 adults
	New Mexico	72%	28%	1%	527 adults
	New York	75%	21%	3%	1,133 adults
	North Carolina	65%	34%	2%	686 adults
	North Dakota	66%	34%	1%	157 adults
	Ohio	70%	28%	2%	837 adults
	Oklahoma	54%	44%	2%	200 adults
	Oregon	78%	22%	N/A	325 adults
	Pennsylvania	68%	29%	3%	979 adults
	Rhode Island	80%	14%	6%	157 adults
	South Carolina	55%	40%	6%	304 adults
	South Dakota	63%	37%	1%	156 adults
	Tennessee	52%	44%	4%	436 adults
	Texas	62%	36%	2%	1,611 adults
	Utah	65%	34%	1%	193 adults
	Vermont	70%	29%	N/A	156 adults
	Virginia	74%	24%	2%	652 adults
	Washington	83%	15%	2%	583 adults
	West Virginia	62%	38%	1%	156 adults
	Wisconsin	72%	26%	2%	466 adults
	Wyoming	62%	38%	N/A	161 adults
	District of Columbia	78%	17%	4%	160 adults	Public Religion Research Institute Archived February 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

By metro area

Date(s) conducted	Metro area	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
January 7, 2020 – December 20, 2020	Albany	83%	9%	8%	185 adults	Public Religion Research Institute	Telephone and cell phone interviews
	Albuquerque	81%	11%	7%	174 adults
	Allentown	63%	35%	1%	155 adults
	Atlanta	62%	34%	5%	1,070 adults
	Austin	74%	23%	3%	266 adults
	Baltimore	68%	27%	6%	460 adults
	Birmingham	65%	35%	0%	194 adults
	Boston	80%	16%	4%	674 adults
	Buffalo	43%	46%	10%	206 adults
	Charlotte	63%	30%	7%	383 adults
	Chicago	71%	25%	4%	1,167 adults
	Cincinnati	70%	27%	3%	358 adults
	Cleveland	89%	6%	5%	330 adults
	Columbus	62%	35%	3%	360 adults
	Dallas	73%	22%	5%	922 adults
	Denver	80%	15%	5%	508 adults
	Detroit	69%	24%	6%	728 adults
	Fresno	51%	44%	5%	126 adults
	Grand Rapids	53%	45%	2%	149 adults
	Hartford	89%	11%	0%	187 adults
	Houston	67%	29%	4%	782 adults
	Indianapolis	69%	25%	6%	393 adults
	Jacksonville	86%	11%	3%	270 adults
	Kansas City	58%	35%	7%	280 adults
	Knoxville	63%	29%	7%	155 adults
	Las Vegas	77%	19%	4%	317 adults
	Los Angeles	70%	25%	5%	781 adults
	Louisville	79%	13%	8%	229 adults
	Memphis	73%	22%	5%	160 adults
	Miami	81%	15%	4%	974 adults
	Milwaukee	76%	24%	0%	245 adults
	Minneapolis-St. Paul	79%	17%	5%	587 adults
	Nashville	80%	15%	5%	262 adults
	New Orleans	68%	31%	0%	168 adults
	New York City	67%	28%	5%	3,004 adults
	Oklahoma City	62%	30%	8%	188 adults
	Omaha	86%	14%	0%	149 adults
	Orlando	77%	16%	7%	446 adults
	Philadelphia	70%	23%	7%	937 adults
	Phoenix	66%	27%	7%	724 adults
	Pittsburgh	80%	18%	1%	427 adults
	Portland	76%	17%	6%	464 adults
	Providence	62%	32%	6%	212 adults
	Raleigh	46%	45%	10%	232 adults
	Richmond	74%	20%	7%	189 adults
	Riverside	73%	19%	8%	544 adults
	Rochester	71%	26%	3%	170 adults
	Sacramento	73%	26%	1%	348 adults
	Salt Lake City	58%	38%	3%	209 adults
	San Antonio	71%	16%	12%	326 adults
	San Diego	82%	18%	1%	461 adults
	San Francisco	78%	21%	1%	703 adults
	San Jose	86%	13%	2%	220 adults
	Seattle	73%	23%	5%	656 adults
	St. Louis	68%	25%	6%	400 adults
	Tampa-St. Petersburg	70%	26%	4%	566 adults
	Tucson	82%	7%	10%	194 adults
	Virginia Beach	65%	20%	16%	316 adults
	Washington D.C.	71%	25%	4%	1,174 adults

By region

Date(s) conducted	Region	Favor state sanctioned same-sex marriage / Support state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Oppose state sanctioned same-sex marriage	Don't Know / Refused / No answer	Margin of error	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
April 5, 2017 – December 23, 2017	Midwest	62%	31%	8%	0.6%		Public Religion Research Institute Archived February 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine	Telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017		53%			2.82%		NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017		62%	33%	6%		552 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
April 5, 2017 – December 23, 2017	Northeast	69%	23%	8%	0.6%		Public Religion Research Institute Archived February 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine	Telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017		70%			2.82%		NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017		73%	23%	4%		432 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
March 12, 2018 – March 25, 2018	South	55%	42%	3%	2.4%	4,132 adult residents	NBC News / SurveyMonkey	Online survey
April 5, 2017 – December 23, 2017	West	66%	26%	9%	0.6%		Public Religion Research Institute Archived February 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine	Telephone interviews and cell phone interviews
August 5, 2017 – August 9, 2017		67%			2.82%		NBC News / Wall Street Journal	Live interviews and cell phone interviews
June 8, 2017 – June 18, 2017		68%	28%	4%		577 adults	Pew Research Center	Landline telephone interviews and cell phone interviews

See also

• LGBTQ portal
• United States portal

• Public opinion of interracial marriage in the United States
• LGBT rights in the United States
• Societal attitudes toward homosexuality § United States
• Equality Act (United States) § Public opinion

Notes

1. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia

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