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These are lists of the world's most expensive cities for expatriate employees (not residents), according to the Mercer, ECA International and Xpatulator.com cost-of-living surveys. Other surveys from online collaborative indices, such as Numbeo, Expatistan, or Eardex are not covered by this article.
Various factors enter into a city's cost-of-living for expatriate employees, such as monetary value, consumer confidence, investment, interest rates, exchange rates of the country's currency, and housing costs. This list does not account for cost-of-living savings accrued to local citizens through government-subsidized housing, health care, education, differences in taxation, and many other factors irrelevant to expatriates. Cost of living may be much higher for expatriates than for local residents in a developing country, especially if expatriates expect a standard of living similar to a developed country.
Mercer
Mercer's Cost of Living surveys are taken in March of each year. The survey covers 207 cities around the world and measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location, including housing, transport, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment. It is designed to help multinational companies and governments determine compensation allowances for their expatriate employees. New York is used as the base city and all other cities are compared against it. The cost of housing plays an important part in determining where cities are ranked.
Two main factors determine a city’s ranking in Mercer’s survey – the relative strength of the relevant currency against the US dollar over the prior 12 months and price movements over the prior 12 months compared to those in New York City as the base.
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong |  Hong Kong |
| 2 | Singapore |  Singapore |
| 3 | Zürich |  Switzerland |
| 4 | Geneva | |
| 5 | Basel | |
| 6 | New York |  United States |
| 7 | Bern | Switzerland |
| 8 | Tel Aviv |  Israel |
| 9 | Copenhagen |  Denmark |
| 10 | Nassau |  Bahamas |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 3 | Geneva | |
| 4 | Basel | |
| 5 | Bern | |
| 6 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 7 | New York | United States |
| 8 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 9 | Tokyo |  Japan |
| 10 | Beijing |  China |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashgabat |  Turkmenistan |
| 2 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 3 | Beirut |  Lebanon |
| 4 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 5 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 6 | Shanghai | China |
| 7 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 8 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 9 | Beijing | China |
| 10 | Bern | Switzerland |
| Rank | City | Country of Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Ashgabat | Turkmenistan |
| 3 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 4 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 5 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 6 | New York | United States |
| 7 | Shanghai | China |
| 8 | Bern | Switzerland |
| 9 | Geneva | |
| 10 | Beijing | China |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 3 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 4 | Seoul |  South Korea |
| 5 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 6 | Shanghai | China |
| 7 | Ashgabat | Turkmenistan |
| 8 | Beijing | China |
| 9 | New York | United States |
| 10 | Shenzhen | China |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 3 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 4 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 5 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 6 | Luanda |  Angola |
| 7 | Shanghai | China |
| 8 | N’Djamena |  Chad |
| 9 | Beijing | China |
| 10 | Bern | Switzerland |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luanda | Angola |
| 2 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 3 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 4 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 5 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 6 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 7 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 8 | Shanghai | China |
| 9 | New York | United States |
| 10 | Bern | Switzerland |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Luanda | Angola |
| 3 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 4 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 5 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 6 | Kinshasa |  Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| 7 | Shanghai | China |
| 8 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 9 | N’Djamena | Chad |
| 10 | Beijing | China |
| Rank | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luanda | Angola |
| 2 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 3 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 4 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 5 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 6 | Shanghai | China |
| 7 | Beijing | |
| 8 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 9 | Bern | Switzerland |
| 10 | N’Djamena | Chad |
ECA International
Every March and September, ECA International calculates the cost of living for expatriates in almost 400 cities around the world. The survey does not include certain living costs such as accommodation, utilities (electricity, gas, water costs), car purchase and school fees. These are usually compensated for separately in expatriate packages from cost of living allowances.
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York | United States |
| 2 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 3 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 4 | London |  United Kingdom |
| 5 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 6 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 7 | San Francisco | United States |
| 8 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 9 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 10 | Tokyo | Japan |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | New York | United States |
| 3 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 4 | London | United Kingdom |
| 5 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 6 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 7 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 8 | Shanghai | China |
| 9 | Guangzhou | |
| 10 | Seoul | South Korea |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 2 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 3 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 4 | New York | United States |
| 5 | London | United Kingdom |
| 6 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 7 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 8 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 9 | Shanghai | China |
| 10 | Guangzhou |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashgabat | Turkmenistan |
| 2 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 3 | Geneva | |
| 4 | Basel | |
| 5 | Bern | |
| 6 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 7 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 8 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 9 | Jerusalem | |
| 10 | Yokohama | Japan |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashgabat | Turkmenistan |
| 2 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 3 | Geneva | |
| 4 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 5 | Basel | Switzerland |
| 6 | Bern | |
| 7 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 8 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 9 | Tel Aviv | Israel |
| 10 | Shanghai | China |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashgabat | Turkmenistan |
| 2 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 3 | Zürich | |
| 4 | Basel | |
| 5 | Bern | |
| 6 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 7 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 8 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 9 | Oslo |  Norway |
| 10 | Stavanger |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luanda | Angola |
| 2 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 3 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 4 | Geneva | |
| 5 | Basel | |
| 6 | Bern | |
| 7 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 8 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 9 | Caracas |  Venezuela |
| 10 | Khartoum |  Sudan |
| Ranking | City | Country or Region |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kinshasa | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| 2 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 3 | Geneva | |
| 4 | Basel | |
| 5 | Bern | |
| 6 | Freetown |  Sierra Leone |
| 7 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 8 | Luanda | Angola |
| 9 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 10 | Shanghai | China |
| Ranking | City | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juba |  South Sudan |
| 2 | Luanda | Angola |
| 3 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 4 | Geneva | |
| 5 | Bern | |
| 6 | Basel | |
| 7 | Kinshasa | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| 8 | Shanghai | China |
| 9 | Beijing | |
| 10 | Seoul | South Korea |
See also
- Global city
- List of cities by GDP
- Megacity
- Most livable cities
- Worldwide ERC
![image]()
Cities portal
References
- "Mercer's 2013 Cost of Living Survey City Rankings – Global Overview". Mercer. July 23, 2013. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
- "Hong Kong now more expensive than Tokyo for expatriates". ECA International. June 11, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
- "Cost of Living Rankings for 2014". Xpatulator. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- "Cost of Living Index for 2012". Numbeo. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- "Expatistan Cost of Living Index". Expatistan. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- Eardex Archived 2023-12-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- "Cost of Living City Ranking 2023". Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- Gilchrist, Karen (2022-06-29). "These are the most expensive places to work abroad in 2022". CNBC. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- "Turkmenistan's capital tops list of most expensive cities for expats". BBC News. 22 June 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- McKeever, Vicky (2021-06-23). "These are the most expensive cities for working abroad in 2021". CNBC. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Mercer's 2020 Cost of Living - City Rankings". Mercer. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- "Mercer's 25th annual Cost of Living Survey finds cities in Asia most expensive locations for employees working abroad". Mercer. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- Neild, Barry (2018-06-28). "World's most expensive cities for expats in 2018 revealed". CNN. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- "Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living - City Rankings". Mercer. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- "Mercer's 2016 Cost of Living - City Rankings". Mercer. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- https://www.mercer.com/content/dam/mercer/attachments/global/Talent/cost-of-living/gl-2016-cost-of-living-mobility-survey-mercer.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- "Mercer's 2015 Cost of Living - City Rankings". Mercer. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
- "Hong Kong falls one place to become the second-most expensive location in the world".
- "Hong Kong continues its reign as the most expensive location in the world". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- "Hong Kong remains the most expensive location in the world". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Singapore remains in the top 20 most expensive locations in the world, despite impact of Covid-19". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Singapore enters the top 15 most expensive locations in the world". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Hong Kong now the most expensive location in East Asia for expatriates". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Swiss cities dominate list of most expensive locations in the world for expats". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- "Kinshasa tops the global rankings of most expensive cities for expatriates". www.eca-international.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
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These are lists of the world s most expensive cities for expatriate employees not residents according to the Mercer ECA International and Xpatulator com cost of living surveys Other surveys from online collaborative indices such as Numbeo Expatistan or Eardex are not covered by this article Various factors enter into a city s cost of living for expatriate employees such as monetary value consumer confidence investment interest rates exchange rates of the country s currency and housing costs This list does not account for cost of living savings accrued to local citizens through government subsidized housing health care education differences in taxation and many other factors irrelevant to expatriates Cost of living may be much higher for expatriates than for local residents in a developing country especially if expatriates expect a standard of living similar to a developed country MercerHong Kong SAR Ashgabat Turkmenistan Tokyo Japan Singapore Mercer s Cost of Living surveys are taken in March of each year The survey covers 207 cities around the world and measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location including housing transport food clothing household goods and entertainment It is designed to help multinational companies and governments determine compensation allowances for their expatriate employees New York is used as the base city and all other cities are compared against it The cost of housing plays an important part in determining where cities are ranked Two main factors determine a city s ranking in Mercer s survey the relative strength of the relevant currency against the US dollar over the prior 12 months and price movements over the prior 12 months compared to those in New York City as the base Top ten locations surveyed 2023 Rank City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Singapore Singapore 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Geneva 5 Basel 6 New York United States 7 Bern Switzerland 8 Tel Aviv Israel 9 Copenhagen Denmark 10 Nassau Bahamas Top ten locations surveyed 2022 Rank City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Zurich Switzerland 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Tel Aviv Israel 7 New York United States 8 Singapore Singapore 9 Tokyo Japan 10 Beijing China Top ten locations surveyed 2021 Rank City Country or Region 1 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 2 Hong Kong Hong Kong 3 Beirut Lebanon 4 Tokyo Japan 5 Zurich Switzerland 6 Shanghai China 7 Singapore Singapore 8 Geneva Switzerland 9 Beijing China 10 Bern Switzerland Top ten locations surveyed 2020 Rank City Country of Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 3 Tokyo Japan 4 Zurich Switzerland 5 Singapore Singapore 6 New York United States 7 Shanghai China 8 Bern Switzerland 9 Geneva 10 Beijing China Top ten locations surveyed 2019 Rank City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Tokyo Japan 3 Singapore Singapore 4 Seoul South Korea 5 Zurich Switzerland 6 Shanghai China 7 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 8 Beijing China 9 New York United States 10 Shenzhen China Top ten locations surveyed 2018 Rank City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Tokyo Japan 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Singapore Singapore 5 Seoul South Korea 6 Luanda Angola 7 Shanghai China 8 N Djamena Chad 9 Beijing China 10 Bern Switzerland Top ten locations surveyed 2017 Rank City Country or Region 1 Luanda Angola 2 Hong Kong Hong Kong 3 Tokyo Japan 4 Zurich Switzerland 5 Singapore Singapore 6 Seoul South Korea 7 Geneva Switzerland 8 Shanghai China 9 New York United States 10 Bern Switzerland Top ten locations surveyed 2016 Rank City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Luanda Angola 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Singapore Singapore 5 Tokyo Japan 6 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 Shanghai China 8 Geneva Switzerland 9 N Djamena Chad 10 Beijing China Top ten locations surveyed 2015 Rank City Country or Region 1 Luanda Angola 2 Hong Kong Hong Kong 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Singapore Singapore 5 Geneva Switzerland 6 Shanghai China 7 Beijing 8 Seoul South Korea 9 Bern Switzerland 10 N Djamena ChadECA InternationalZurich Switzerland Geneva Switzerland Basel Switzerland Bern Switzerland Every March and September ECA International calculates the cost of living for expatriates in almost 400 cities around the world The survey does not include certain living costs such as accommodation utilities electricity gas water costs car purchase and school fees These are usually compensated for separately in expatriate packages from cost of living allowances Top 20 cities surveyed 2023 Ranking City Country or Region 1 New York United States 2 Hong Kong Hong Kong 3 Geneva Switzerland 4 London United Kingdom 5 Singapore Singapore 6 Zurich Switzerland 7 San Francisco United States 8 Tel Aviv Israel 9 Seoul South Korea 10 Tokyo Japan Top 20 cities surveyed 2022 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 New York United States 3 Geneva Switzerland 4 London United Kingdom 5 Tokyo Japan 6 Tel Aviv Israel 7 Zurich Switzerland 8 Shanghai China 9 Guangzhou 10 Seoul South Korea Top 20 cities surveyed 2021 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2 Tokyo Japan 3 Geneva Switzerland 4 New York United States 5 London United Kingdom 6 Zurich Switzerland 7 Tel Aviv Israel 8 Seoul South Korea 9 Shanghai China 10 Guangzhou Top 20 cities surveyed 2020 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 2 Zurich Switzerland 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7 Tokyo Japan 8 Tel Aviv Israel 9 Jerusalem 10 Yokohama Japan Top 20 cities surveyed 2019 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 2 Zurich Switzerland 3 Geneva 4 Hong Kong Hong Kong 5 Basel Switzerland 6 Bern 7 Tokyo Japan 8 Seoul South Korea 9 Tel Aviv Israel 10 Shanghai China Top 20 cities surveyed 2018 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Ashgabat Turkmenistan 2 Geneva Switzerland 3 Zurich 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7 Seoul South Korea 8 Tokyo Japan 9 Oslo Norway 10 Stavanger Top 20 cities surveyed 2017 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Luanda Angola 2 Hong Kong Hong Kong 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Geneva 5 Basel 6 Bern 7 Tokyo Japan 8 Seoul South Korea 9 Caracas Venezuela 10 Khartoum Sudan Top 20 cities surveyed 2016 Ranking City Country or Region 1 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 Zurich Switzerland 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Freetown Sierra Leone 7 Tokyo Japan 8 Luanda Angola 9 Hong Kong Hong Kong 10 Shanghai China Top 20 cities surveyed 2015 Ranking City Country 1 Juba South Sudan 2 Luanda Angola 3 Zurich Switzerland 4 Geneva 5 Bern 6 Basel 7 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 8 Shanghai China 9 Beijing 10 Seoul South KoreaSee alsoGlobal city List of cities by GDP Megacity Most livable cities Worldwide ERC Cities portalReferences Mercer s 2013 Cost of Living Survey City Rankings Global Overview Mercer July 23 2013 Archived from the original on May 5 2021 Retrieved January 22 2014 Hong Kong now more expensive than Tokyo for expatriates ECA International June 11 2015 Retrieved September 4 2016 Cost of Living Rankings for 2014 Xpatulator Archived from the original on January 27 2023 Retrieved July 1 2014 Cost of Living Index for 2012 Numbeo Retrieved January 25 2013 Expatistan Cost of Living Index Expatistan Retrieved January 25 2013 Eardex Archived 2023 12 11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 25 2013 Cost of Living City Ranking 2023 Retrieved 2024 05 10 Gilchrist Karen 2022 06 29 These are the most expensive places to work abroad in 2022 CNBC Retrieved 2023 01 09 Turkmenistan s capital tops list of most expensive cities for expats BBC News 22 June 2021 Retrieved July 8 2021 McKeever Vicky 2021 06 23 These are the most expensive cities for working abroad in 2021 CNBC Retrieved 2022 02 16 Mercer s 2020 Cost of Living City Rankings Mercer Retrieved June 9 2020 Mercer s 25th annual Cost of Living Survey finds cities in Asia most expensive locations for employees working abroad Mercer Retrieved January 9 2023 Neild Barry 2018 06 28 World s most expensive cities for expats in 2018 revealed CNN Retrieved 2022 01 09 Mercer s 2017 Cost of Living City Rankings Mercer Retrieved May 27 2021 Mercer s 2016 Cost of Living City Rankings Mercer Retrieved May 27 2021 https www mercer com content dam mercer attachments global Talent cost of living gl 2016 cost of living mobility survey mercer pdf bare URL PDF Mercer s 2015 Cost of Living City Rankings Mercer Archived from the original on September 7 2015 Retrieved October 17 2015 Hong Kong falls one place to become the second most expensive location in the world Hong Kong continues its reign as the most expensive location in the world www eca international com Retrieved 2023 01 09 Hong Kong remains the most expensive location in the world www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16 Singapore remains in the top 20 most expensive locations in the world despite impact of Covid 19 www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16 Singapore enters the top 15 most expensive locations in the world www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16 Hong Kong now the most expensive location in East Asia for expatriates www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16 Swiss cities dominate list of most expensive locations in the world for expats www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16 Kinshasa tops the global rankings of most expensive cities for expatriates www eca international com Retrieved 2022 02 16