Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (Nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी), romanized: nēpāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (ēkīkṛt mārksavādī-lēninavādī); abbr. CPN (UML)) is a communist political party in Nepal. The party emerged as one of the major parties in Nepal after the end of the Panchayat era.

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकीकृत मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी)
Chairman	KP Sharma Oli
Secretary	Gokarna Bista Yogesh Bhattarai Padma Kumari Aryal Chhabilal Bishwakarma Lekh Raj Bhatta Raghubir Mahaseth
General Secretary	Shankar Pokhrel
Spokesperson	Pradeep Kumar Gyawali
Senior Vice-chairman	Ishwar Pokhrel
Vice-chairman	Astalaxmi Shakya Surendra Pandey Subas Chandra Nemwang Bishnu Prasad Paudel Ram Bahadur Thapa
Deputy General Secretary	Pradeep Kumar Gyawali Prithvi Subba Gurung
Founder	Man Mohan Adhikari Madan Bhandari
Founded	6 January 1991; 34 years ago (1991-01-06)
Merger of	CPN (Marxist) CPN (Marxist–Leninist)
Headquarters	Thapathali, Kathmandu
Newspaper	Nawayug
Student wing	ANNFSU
Youth wing	National Youth Association, Nepal
Women's wing	All Nepal Women's Association
Labour wing	GEFONT
Membership	855,000 (2021)
Ideology	Communism Marxism–Leninism People's Multiparty Democracy
Political position	Left-wing to far-left
International affiliation	IMCWP
Colours
ECN Status	National Party (2nd largest)
House of Representatives	79 / 275
National Assembly	11 / 59
Provincial Assemblies	163 / 550
Chief Ministers	3 / 7
Mayors/Chairs	206 / 753
Councillors	11,890 / 35,011
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.cpnuml.org
Politics of Nepal Political parties Elections

Khadga Prasad Oli has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014. The party currently holds 79 seats in the House of Representatives, having won 26.95% of the party list votes in the 2022 general election and is the second largest parliamentary group. The party was the major coalition partner in the current CPN (Maoist Centre) led coalition government until withdrawing its support on 27 February. There have been four prime ministers from the party while the party has led the government five times.

CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the first election following the restoration of multi-party democracy. The party led a minority government under Manmohan Adhikari following the 1994 election. The party joined a coalition government with CPN (Maoist) in 2008 in the first elections after the end of the monarchy in Nepal and led two governments under Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal during the term of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the new constitution with KP Sharma Oli serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the 2017 election.

The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). The party merged with CPN (Maoist Centre) to form the Nepal Communist Party on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a Supreme Court decision on 8 March 2021. The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership.

History

The predecessors of the CPN (UML) were the CPN (Marxist) led by former general secretary the Communist Party of Nepal, Man Mohan Adhikari and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) led by Madan Bhandari. CPN (Marxist) was the successor to CPN (Pushpa Lal) which was founded by the founding general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal, Pushpa Lal Shrestha. CPN (Marxist–Leninist) had its origins in the 1969 Jhapa rebellion. The conflict took its inspiration the Naxalite movement in India and began after land reform programs were introduced by King Mahendra in 1964.

Man Mohan Adhikari, first party chairman and first UML prime minister (1994–1995).

The two parties were constituents of the United Left Front which was formed in 1990 to protest against the Panchayat system. The front along with Nepali Congress helped restore multi party democracy in the country after the 1990 revolution. On 6 January 1991, ahead of the 1991 general election, the first parliamentary elections in the country in three decades, the two parties merged to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) with Adhikari serving as the party's first chairman.

Post-Jana Andolan (1991–2002)

In the 1991 election, the party won 69 out of 205 seats in the House of Representatives and was the second largest parliamentary group. Man Mohan Adhikari was elected as the parliamentary party leader and became the Leader of the Opposition. The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993 and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as the party line. The congress also elected Adhikari as the party chairman and Madan Bhandari as the general secretary. Later in the year however, Bhandari along with Jibaraj Ashrit died in a vehicle accident in Chitwan and Madhav Kumar Nepal became general secretary. In November 1993, veteran communist leader Tulsi Lal Amatya's group merged in the party.

Following the 1994 election, the party became the largest parliamentary group winning 88 out of 205 seats and formed the first CPN (UML) government. Man Mohan Adhikari became prime minister and formed a minority government with the support of Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhwana Party which lasted for nine months. Adhikari recommended dissolving the House of Representatives, and called for new elections after losing the support of his coalition partners, but the move was dismissed by the Supreme Court after a legal challenge by Nepali Congress. In 1997 the party supported the minority government of Rastriya Prajatantra Party which lasted for seven months. Following disagreements about the Mahakali treaty, the party faced a split in March 1998. Bam Dev Gautam reconstituted the CPN (Marxist–Leninist) with 46 MPs from the party. In December 1998, the party supported the Nepali Congress–Nepal Sadbhawana Party government which was created to hold the 1999 election.

Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime Minister (2009–2011)

The Nepali Congress formed a majority government following the 1999 election and the CPN (UML) became the main opposition winning 70 seats. Following party chairman Adhikari's death in 1999, general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal became the leader of the party. CPN (Burma) merged into the party on 28 June 2001 and CPN (Marxist–Leninist) reunified with the party on 15 February 2002. A group led by Chandra Prakash Mainali opposed the unification and opted to reconstitute the party. The party held its seventh general convention in February 2003 in Janakpur. Nepal was reelected as the general secretary and the post of party chair which had remained vacant after the death of Adhikari was abolished.

Jana Andolan II (2002–2007)

The House of Representatives was dismissed by King Gyanendra on 22 May 2002 on the request of prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba. After the Deuba government failed to hold elections and to control the Maoist insurgency he was dismissed by the king in October with the king assuming executive powers to the protest of political parties including CPN (UML). In June 2003, general secretary Nepal was proposed as prime minister by the protesting parties but this was ignored by the king and Surya Bahdur Thapa was appointed instead. After Thapa's resignation in May 2004, Deuba was reappointed as the prime minister. CPN (UML) also joined the cabinet with Bharat Mohan Adhikari serving as deputy prime minister.

On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra declared a national emergency, placed all leading politicians under house arrest and assumed chairmanship of a 10-member council of ministers. CPN (UML) along with other parties in the dissolved lower house formed the Seven Party Alliance to end the king's direct rule, reinstate the dissolved House of Representatives and form an all-party government. The alliance also opened talks with the CPN (Maoist) to end their armed insurgency and join mainstream politics. On 22 November 2002, the alliance signed a 12-point agreement with the Maoists to end the insurgency, abolish the monarchy and restore democratic rule to the country. Following the 2006 revolution on 24 April, King Gyanendra restored the House of Representatives and an all-party government was formed under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala. Later that year on 21 November, the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed between the Maoists and the Seven Party Alliance which ended the Civil War.

Former logo of CPN (UML)

Constituent Assembly (2008–2017)

Jhala Nath Khanal, Prime Minister (2011)

In the 2008 election, the party won 108 out of 575 seats to the Constituent Assembly. The party lost most of their leftist vote to the CPN (Maoist) and general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned following his defeat in both of his constituencies and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party joined the coalition government with CPN (Maoist) following the election. The party's eight general convention in February 2009 elected Khanal as the party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel as general secretary. Following the controversial sacking of Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal, CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the Maoist government. In November 2009, Madhav Kumar Nepal, who was nominated to the Constituent Assembly, became prime minister with the support of Nepali Congress and Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal. His government lasted for seven months before he resigned following a political deadlock amid failure to draft the new constitution. Following seven months of political stalemate party chairman Jhalanath Khanal was elected as prime minister in February 2011 with support from the UCPN (Maoist). He resigned six months later in August after failing to reach consensus on drafting the new constitution and completing the peace process following which the party supported the new UCPN (Maoist) government. In November 2012 ahead of the new election, Ashok Kumar Rai broke away from the party along with other indigenous leaders and formed the Federal Socialist Party claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.

In the 2013 election, the party became the second largest party winning 175 out of 575 elected seats. The party joined the coalition government under the Nepali Congress following the election with Bamdev Gautam serving as deputy prime minister. At the party's ninth general convention in July 2014, K.P. Sharma Oli became party chair after defeating Madhav Kumar Nepal, while Ishwar Pokhrel was reelected as general secretary. After the new constitution was delivered by the coalition government, party chair K.P. Sharma Oli was elected as prime minister on 12 October 2015 with the support of UCPN (Maoist), Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and other parties. After the Maoists withdrew their support, Oli resigned in July 2016 ahead of a no-confidence vote.

Former logo of the party

Left alliance and dissolution (2017–2021)

In the 2017 local elections, 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in major cities, including the two largest cities Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath. The party announced an alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections. The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives, and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces. After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in the centre and six of the seven provinces. The CPN (UML) led governments in Province 1, Province 3, Province 4 and Province 5. In accordance with the agreement Sher Dhan Rai, Dormani Paudel, Prithivi Subba Gurung and Shankar Pokharel were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and became the largest party in both houses. Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and was appointed prime minister on February 15. Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13. After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).

Revival (2021-present)

KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister (2015–2016 and 2018–2021)

On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the name Nepal Communist Party belong to the minor party led by Rishiram Kattel and the merger of the two parties was voided. The Election Commission on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived. Four members of the House of Representatives and one member of the National Assembly for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection. KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority. Chief minister of Gandaki, Prithvi Subba Gurung resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, Shankar Pokharel also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.

A cabinet meeting chaired by prime minister and party chairman KP Sharma Oli recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal supported Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime minister. The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day. Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip. The party also lost its government in Gandaki and Lumbini with Gurung losing a no-confidence motion and Pokharel resigning. Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by Bhim Acharya and Asta Laxmi Shakya respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.

On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the CPN (Unified Socialist). Other leaders also broke away from the party with Hridayesh Tripathi forming the People's Progressive Party and former vice-chairman Bamdev Gautam forming the CPN (Unity National Campaign). Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces. The 10th National Convention of the party was held in Chitwan between 26 and 29 November 2021 with K.P. Sharma Oli being reelected as the party chair.

In the 2022 local elections, 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in Kathmandu and Pokhara and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country. The party formed electoral pacts with People's Socialist Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and other minor parties to contest the 2022 general and provincial elections. Former deputy prime minister and Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal chair Kamal Thapa also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol. At the 2022 general election the party won 79 seats and became the second largest parliamentary party. The party also emerged as the largest party in provincial assemblies in Province 1, Madhesh and Lumbini at the 2022 provincial elections.

The party backed CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal's bid to become prime minister and joined a coalition government under him on 26 December 2022 with Bishnu Prasad Paudel joined the cabinet as deputy prime minister but the coalition lasted for less than 2 months. In March 2024, the party again supported CPN (Maoist Centre)'s coalition before withdrawing support for the government in July later that year. Party chairman K.P. Sharma Oli was appointed as prime minister for the fourth time with the support of Nepali Congress on 15 July 2024.

Ideology

The guiding principle of the party is Marxism–Leninism and it supports a socialist economy but within the confines of a parliamentary system of governance. The party had adopted the line of People's Multiparty Democracy which was proposed by Madan Bhandari at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993. The party supports the establishment of a welfare system that guarantees social security and social justice to all citizens.

People's Multiparty Democracy (जनताको बहुदलीय जनवाद)

Symbol

Alternative flag of CPN (UML)

The election symbol of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo. The hammer and sickle, a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.

Organisation

Central organisation

The National Convention is the supreme body of CPN (UML) and it is organized every five years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the central secretariat and the central committee of the party. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organisational proposals and amendments to the party constitution.

The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision-making body within general conventions and is responsible to the national convention. The National Convention elects a Central Secretariat consisting of a chair, a senior vice-chair, six vice-chairs, one general secretary, three deputy general secretaries and seven secretaries. The Central Secretariat along with other elected members make up the 301-member Central Committee of the party. The chairs of the seven provincial committees of the party are also ex-officio members of the Central Committee. One-third of the committee is also required to be female. The Central Committee also elects a 99-member Politburo and a 45-member Standing Committee among its members.

When the Central Committee is not in session the Politburo is the highest decision-making body, the Standing Committee follows the Politburo in hierarchy and the Central Secretariat follows the Standing Committee. The National Convention also elects a Central Disciplinary Commission, a Central Accounts Commission and a Central Electoral Commission. A Central Advisory Council can also be formed by the Central Committee if needed.

Provincial and local organisation

Party committees exist at the provincial, district, local, ward and neighborhood level. In addition to this the party has a separate special committee in the Kathmandu Valley which is in the same level as the provincial committees in the party. The provincial committee holds a provincial convention every four years and the rest of the committees hold a convention every three years except for neighborhood committees which hold a convention every two years. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision-making body in between conventions. The party also has organisational committees for areas where the party does not have presence yet.

Electoral performance

Legislative elections

Election	Leader	Constituency votes			Party list votes			Seats		Position	Resulting government
		No.	%	% change	No.	%	% change	No.	+/-
1991	Madan Bhandari	2,040,102	27.98					69 / 205		2nd	In opposition
1994	Man Mohan Adhikari	2,352,601	30.85	2.87				88 / 205	19	1st	Minority government
1999	Madhav Kumar Nepal	2,728,725	31.66	0.81				71 / 205	17	2nd	In opposition
2008	Madhav Kumar Nepal	2,229,064	21.63	10.03	2,183,370	20.33		108 / 601	37	3rd	Coalition government
2013	Jhala Nath Khanal	2,492,090	27.55	5.92	2,239,609	23.66	3.33	175 / 575	67	2nd	Coalition government
2017	Khadga Prasad Oli	3,082,277	30.68	3.13	3,173,494	33.25	9.59	121 / 275	54	1st	Coalition government
											In opposition
2022	Khadga Prasad Oli	3,233,567	30.83	0.15	2,845,641	26.95	6.30	78 / 275	43	2nd	Coalition government
											In opposition
											Coalition government

Provincial Assembly

Provincial Assembly	Election	Party list votes	%	Seats	+/–	Status
Koshi	2022	665,460	35.04 (#1)	40 / 93	11	Leading coalition
Madhesh		351,768	16.86 (#2)	23 / 107	2	In coalition
Bagmati		594,521	30.69 (#1)	27 / 110	31	In coalition
Gandaki		349,628	35.47 (#1)	22 / 60	5	In coalition
Lumbini		570,921	30.25 (#1)	29 / 87	12	Leading coalition
Karnali		183,950	31.83 (#1)	10 / 53	15	Leading coalition
Sudurpashchim		274,675	30.64 (#1)	10 / 53	15	In coalition

Best historic result in provincial elections

Provincial Assembly	Seats/Total	Party list vote %	Election	Parliamentary Party leader
Koshi	51 / 93	38.79 (#1)	2017	Sher Dhan Rai Bhim Acharya
Madhesh	23 / 107	16.86 (#2)	2022	Saroj Kumar Yadav
Bagmati	58 / 110	35.81 (#1)	2017	Dormani Poudel Astalaxmi Shakya
Gandaki	27 / 60	39.04 (#1)	2017	Prithvi Subba Gurung
Lumbini	41 / 87	33.10 (#1)	2017	Shankar Pokharel
Karnali	20 / 40	34.35 (#1)	2017	Yam Lal Kandel
Sudurpashchim	25 / 53	32.99 (#2)	2017	Prakash Bahadur Shah

Local election

Election	Leader(s)	Council Head		Council Deputy		Councillors		Position
		#	+/-	#	+/-	#	+/-
2017	KP Sharma Oli	294 / 753		331 / 753		14,097 / 35,038		1st
2022	KP Sharma Oli	206 / 753	90	240 / 753	108	11,890 / 35,011	2,207	2nd

Leadership

Chairmen

• Man Mohan Adhikari, 1991–1999
• Jhala Nath Khanal, 2009–2014
• Khadga Prasad Oli, 2014–2018, 2021–present

1st General Secretary of CPN (UML), Madan Bhandari

General secretaries

• Madan Bhandari, 1993
• Madhav Kumar Nepal, 1993–2008
• Jhala Nath Khanal, 2008–2009
• Ishwor Pokhrel, 2009–2018, in 2021
• Shankar Pokhrel, 2021–present

Prime Ministers of Nepal

No.	Prime Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Man Mohan Adhikari		30 November 1994	12 September 1995	286 days	3rd House of Representatives	Adhikari, 1994	Kathmandu 3
2	Madhav Kumar Nepal		25 May 2009	6 February 2011	1 year, 257 days	1st Constituent Assembly	Madhav Nepal, 2009	Nominated
3	Jhala Nath Khanal		6 February 2011	29 August 2011	204 days	1st Constituent Assembly	Khanal, 2011	Ilam 1
4	Khadga Prasad Oli		12 October 2015	4 August 2016	297 days	Legislature Parliament	Oli, 2015	Jhapa 7
			15 February 2018	13 May 2021	3 years, 148 days	1st Federal Parliament	Oli, 2018	Jhapa 5
			13 May 2021	13 July 2021			Oli, 2021
			15 July 2024	Incumbent	282 days	2nd Federal Parliament	Oli, 2024

Chief Ministers

Koshi Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Sher Dhan Rai		14 February 2018	26 August 2021	3 years, 193 days	1st Provincial Assembly	Rai, 2018	Bhojpur 1(B)
2	Bhim Acharya		26 August 2021	1 November 2021	67 days		Acharya, 2021	Sunsari 1(B)
3	Hikmat Kumar Karki		9 January 2023	7 July 2023	179 days	2nd Provincial Assembly	Karki I, 2023	Jhapa 5 (A)
			8 September 2023	15 October 2023	37 days		Karki II, 2023
			9 May 2024	Incumbent	349 days		Karki II, 2024

Bagmati Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Dormani Poudel		11 February 2018	18 August 2021	3 years, 188 days	1st Provincial Assembly	Poudel, 2018	Makwanpur 1(B)
2	Astalaxmi Shakya		18 August 2021	27 October 2021	70 days		Shakya, 2021	Kathmandu 8(B)

Gandaki Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Prithivi Subba Gurung		16 February 2018	9 May 2021	3 years, 82 days	1st Provincial Assembly	Gurung, 2018	Lamjung 1(B)
			12 May 2021	12 June 2021	31 days
2	Khagaraj Adhikari		9 January 2023	27 April 2023	108 days	2nd Provincial Assembly		Kaski 1 (A)
			7 April 2024	27 May 2024	50 days

Lumbini Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Shankar Pokharel		15 February 2018	2 May 2021	3 years, 76 days	1st Provincial Assembly	Pokharel, 2018	Dang 2(A)
			2 May 2021	11 August 2021	101 days
2	Leela Giri		12 January 2023	27 April 2023	105 days	2nd Provincial Assembly		Rupandehi 2 (A)

Karnali Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1	Yam Lal Kandel		10 April 2024	Incumbent	1 year, 13 days	2nd Provincial Assembly	Kandel, 2024	Surkhet 2 (A)

Sudurpashchim Province

No.	Chief Minister	Portrait	Term in office			Legislature	Cabinet	Constituency
			Start	End	Tenure
1			12 January 2023	9 February 2023	28 days	2nd Provincial Assembly		List MP

Sister organizations

• General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions
• National Youth Association, Nepal
• All Nepal National Free Students Union
• All Nepal Women's Association
• All Nepal Peasants Association
• All India Nepalese Free Students Union
• Nepal National Teachers Association
• National People's Cultural Forum
• Democratic National Organization of Persons with Disabilities–Nepal

See also

• Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)
• Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)
• Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)
• Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)
• Nepal Communist Party
• List of communist parties in Nepal

Notes

1. Including 1 suspended member

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist).

• Official website (in English and Nepalese)
• Information on the party from FES (archived)