Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)

The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the highest military leadership body of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which heads the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia of China.

Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China
Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China

Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
National Emblem of the People's Republic of China
The CMC is housed in the same building as the Ministry of National Defense, the "August 1st Building"
Agency overview
Formed	28 September 1954; 70 years ago (1954-09-28) (party) 18 June 1983; 41 years ago (1983-06-18) (state)
Preceding agency	People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central People's Government (1949–1954)
Type	National level agency
Jurisdiction	China
Headquarters	August 1st Building, Beijing
Agency executives	Xi Jinping, Chairman General Zhang Youxia, Vice Chairman General He Weidong, Vice Chairman
Parent agency	Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party National People's Congress (and its Standing Committee)
Child agencies	People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia of China Ministry of National Defense China Coast Guard
Website	www.81.cn chinamil.com.cn (in English)

Central Military Commission
Simplified Chinese	中央军事委员会
Traditional Chinese	中央軍事委員會
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄧㄤ ㄐㄩㄣ ㄕ` ㄨㄟˇ ㄩㄢ´ ㄏㄨㄟ` other Mandarin Xiao'erjing ﺟْﻮ ﻳْﺎ کٌ شِ وِ ﻳُﻮًا ﺧُﻮِ Hakka Romanization Tûng-ông kiûn-sṳ ve yèn fi Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zung1joeng1gwan1si6wai2jyun4wui2 other Yue Taishanese Jüng-yëng gün-xù Vī-yõn-vòi Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-ng kun-sū úi ôan hōe Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng iŏng gŭng-sê̤ṳ ūi uòng huôi Pu-Xian Min Hinghwa BUC De̤ng ng geong seō ûi é̤ng hōi
Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China
Simplified Chinese	中国共产党和中华人民共和国中央军事委员会
Traditional Chinese	中國共產黨和中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng hé Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zung1gwok3gung6caan2dong2wo4zung1waa4jan4man4gung6wo4gwok3zung1joeng1gwan1si6wai2jyun4wui2
Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China
Simplified Chinese	中国共产党中央军事委员会
Traditional Chinese	中國共產黨中央軍事委員會
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zung1gwok3gung6caan2dong2zung1joeng1gwan1si6wai2jyun4wui2
Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China
Simplified Chinese	中华人民共和国中央军事委员会
Traditional Chinese	中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zung1waa4jan4man4gung6wo4gwok3zung1joeng1gwan1si6wai2jyun4wui2

There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. Under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and operate under both the party and state systems. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending.

The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders (who are civilians under the principle that the Party commands the Gun) to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st or 'Eight-One' Building") in western Beijing.

History

The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was consistently named the CCP Central Military Commission. Among Western commentators, "Affairs" is frequently dropped from the title. As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937 the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic's Chinese Red Army were integrated into the Kuomintang's army for the anti-Japanese war, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong.

In the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government. The final coexistence of two military committees was set in 1954, as the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority rested into a National Defense Council of the People's Republic of China chaired by the President in keeping with the 1954 Constitution.

As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman, a post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying. As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution, the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Deng Xiaoping's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC, which was created in 1982 by the constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers.

After the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Jiang Zemin instructed the CMC to strengthen the PLA.^: 253 The CMC began a broad effort to reform its doctrine, operations, and equipment in anticipation of what Chinese leadership expected would be an increasingly hostile United States.^: 253

The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992.^{[citation needed]} This post was held by Yang Shangkun (1945–1954), Huang Kecheng (1954–1959), Luo Ruiqing (1959–1966), Ye Jianying (1966–1977), Luo Ruiqing (1977–1979), Geng Biao (1979–1981), Yang Shangkun (1981–1989), Yang Baibing (1989–1992).^{[citation needed]}

In 2016, the four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of the PLA.

Functions

According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense.^{[non-primary source needed]} The CMC has the ultimate command authority over the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia.

In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council. As one of China's three main decision-making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority.

Structure

There are two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized.

The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members. The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary. The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the 15 general departments and, in turn, to each of the service branches (ground, navy and air forces). In addition, the CMC also has direct control over the Rocket Forces, the three arms of service that were previously part of the former Strategic Support Forces (Aerospace Force, Information Support Force and Cyberspace Force), the National Defense University, and the Academy of Military Sciences.^{[citation needed]}

Departments

Prior to 2016, the PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to the CMC. The new 15 departments are:

1. General Office (Deputy Theater Grade)
2. Joint Staff Department (CMC Member Grade)
3. Political Work Department (CMC Member Grade)
4. Discipline Inspection Commission (CMC Member Grade)
5. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission (Theater Grade)
6. Logistic Support Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
7. Equipment Development Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
8. Training Administration Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
9. National Defense Mobilization Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
10. Science and Technology Commission (Deputy Theater Grade)
11. Office for Strategic Planning (Corps Grade)
12. Office for Reform and Organizational Structure (Corps Grade)
13. Office for International Military Cooperation (Corps Grade)
14. Audit Office (Corps Grade)
15. Agency for Offices Administration (Corps Grade)

The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs.

Joint control organs

The Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the of each of the five command theaters.^{[citation needed]}

Members

According to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred the rank of general by the virtue of their office.^{[non-primary source needed]}

The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress.

CMC Chairman

Xi Jinping, also General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, President of China

CMC Vice Chairmen (2)

1. General Zhang Youxia, member of the 19th Politburo and the 20th Politburo
2. General He Weidong, member of the 20th Politburo (Suspended)

CMC Members (3)

1. General Liu Zhenli, Chief of Staff of the Joint Staff Department
2. Admiral Miao Hua, Director of the Political Work Department (Suspended)
3. General Zhang Shengmin Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection

High command

As of 2024^[update], China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as:

Institution	Leaders
Membership of the 20th CCP Central Military Commission
Chairman	Xi Jinping (习近平)
Vice Chairmen	Zhang Youxia (张又侠) He Weidong (何卫东)
Members	Liu Zhenli (刘振立) Miao Hua (苗华) Zhang Shengmin (张升民)
Membership of the 14th PRC Central Military Commission
Chairman	Xi Jinping (习近平)
Vice Chairmen	Zhang Youxia (张又侠) He Weidong (何卫东)
Members	Liu Zhenli (刘振立) Miao Hua (苗华) Zhang Shengmin (张升民)
CMC Functional Departments
General Office	Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Zhong Shaojun: (钟绍军)
Joint Staff Department	Chief of Staff: PLAGF Gen Liu Zhenli (刘振立)
Political Work Department	Director: PLAN Adm Miao Hua (苗华)
Logistic Support Department	Dept Head: PLAGF Maj Gen Zhang Lin (张林) Political Commissioner: Vacant
Equipment Development Department	Dept Head: PLAGF Gen Xu Xueqiang (许学强) Political Commissioner: Vacant
Training Administration Department	Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Wang Peng (王鹏) Political Commissioner: Vacant
National Defense Mobilization Department	Director: PLAGF Lt Gen Liu Faqing (刘发庆) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Lt Gen (王东海)
Discipline Inspection Commission	Secretary: PLARF Gen Zhang Shengmin (张升民)
Politics and Legal Affairs Commission	Secretary: PLAN Adm Wang Renhua (王仁华)
Science and Technology Commission	Director: PLAN Vice Adm Zhao Xiaozhe (赵晓哲)
Office for Strategic Planning	Director: PLAGF Maj Gen (沈方吾)
Office for Reform and Organizational Structure	Director: PLAGF Maj Gen (李鹏翼)
Office for International Military Cooperation	Director: PLAAF Maj Gen (李斌)
Audit Office	Chief Auditor: PLAGF Maj Gen (孙斌)
Agency for Offices Administration	Dept Head: PLAAF Maj Gen (刘长春) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Maj Gen (韩国启)
Joint Operations Command Center
JOCC	Commander-in-Chief: Xi Jinping (习近平)
Theater Commands
Eastern Theater Command	Commander: PLAGF Gen Lin Xiangyang (林向阳) Political Commissioner: PLAN Adm Liu Qingsong (刘青松)
Southern Theater Command	Commander: PLAGF Gen Wu Yanan (吴亚男) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Wang Wenquan (王文全)
Western Theater Command	Commander: PLAGF Gen Wang Haijiang (汪海江) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Li Fengbiao (李凤彪)
Northern Theater Command	Commander: PLAGF Gen Huang Ming (黄铭) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Zheng Xuan (郑璇)
Central Theater Command	Commander: Vacant Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Xu Deqing (徐德清)
PLA Branches
PLA Ground Force	Commander: PLAGF Gen Li Qiaoming (李桥铭) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Chen Hui (陈辉)
PLA Navy	Commander: PLAN Adm Hu Zhongming (胡中明) Political Commissioner: PLAN Adm Yuan Huazhi (袁华智)
PLA Air Force	Commander: PLAAF Gen Chang Dingqiu (常丁求) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Gen Guo Puxiao (郭普校)
PLA Rocket Force	Commander: PLARF Gen Wang Houbin (王厚斌) Political Commissioner: PLARF Gen Xu Xisheng (徐西盛)
PLA Arms
Aerospace Force	Commander: PLAGF Lt Gen (郝卫中) Political Commissioner: Vacant
Cyberspace Force	Commander: PLAGF Lt Gen (张明华) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Lt Gen (韩晓东)
Information Support Force	Commander: PLAGF Lt Gen Bi Yi (毕毅) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Li Wei (李伟)
Joint Logistics Support Force	Commander: PLAAF Lt Gen Wang Kangping (王抗平) Political Commissioner: PLAN Vice Adm (高大光)
CMC Directly Subordinated Academic Institutions
Academy of Military Sciences	Dean: PLAGF Gen Yang Xuejun (杨学军) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Ling Huanxin (凌焕新)
National Defense University	Principal: PLAGF Gen Xiao Tianliang (肖天亮) Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Zheng He (郑和)
National University of Defense Technology	Principal: PLAGF Maj Gen (黎湘) Political Commissioner: PLAAF Lt Gen (陈国强)
Headquarters of the People's Armed Police Force
People's Armed Police	Commander: PAP Gen Wang Chunning (王春宁) Political Commissioner: PAP Gen Zhang Hongbing (张红兵)

Election

According to the CCP constitution, the members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee. In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee. Similarly, the State CMC is constitutionally elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee, but is in practice indistinguishable from the Party CMC. This difference in elections results in the only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the Party Congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the Party CMC in the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, but they entered the State CMC in March 2003, when the 1st Session of the 10th NPC convened.

Notes

1. Chinese: 中共中央軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
2. Chinese: 中共中央革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
3. Chinese: 中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Rénmín Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
4. Chinese: 中华人民共和国国防委员会; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guófáng Wěiyuánhuì
5. Other communist states typically only had state military commissions exclusively composed of party members, such as the GDR's National Defence Council, which was however preceded by a party commission.

References

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Works cited

Saunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN 978-1070233420.