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The president of the People's Republic of China was created in 1954 when the first constitution consolidated the system of government in the People's Republic of China. At the time, the title was translated into English as State Chairman. The position was abolished between 1975 and 1982 with the functions of state representative being performed by the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The presidency was revived under the fourth constitution in 1982.
List of state representatives
- Generations of leadership
- Mao Zedong Administration
- Deng Xiaoping Administration
- Jiang Zemin Administration
- Hu–Wen Administration
- Xi–Li Administration/Xi's general secretaryship
Central People's Government (1949–1954)
- Chairman of the Central People's Government
| Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Term of office | Vice Chairmen | Paramount leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976) | 1 October 1949 | 27 September 1954 | Zhu De Liu Shaoqi Soong Ching-ling Li Jishen Zhang Lan Gao Gang | Himself | ||
| Mao also held more powerful offices as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him the Paramount leader of China. | |||||||
The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)
- Chairman of the People's Republic of China
| S. No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Vice Chairmen | Paramount leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976) Beijing At-large | 27 September 1954 | 27 April 1959 | I | Zhu De | Mao Zedong | |
| 2 |  | Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898–1969) Beijing At-large | 27 April 1959 | 3 January 1965 | II | Soong Ching-ling Dong Biwu | |
| 3 January 1965 | 31 October 1968 | III | |||||
| acting |  | Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large | 31 October 1968 | 24 February 1972 | III | Dong Biwu | |
| acting |  | Dong Biwu 董必武 (1886–1975) Hubei At-large | 24 February 1972 | 17 January 1975 | III | Soong Ching-ling | |
- Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
| Portrait | Name (Lifespan) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Vice Chairmen | Paramount leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – |  | Zhu De 朱德 (1886–1976) Sichuan At-large | 17 January 1975 | 6 July 1976 | IV | Soong Ching-ling Dong Biwu (died 2 April 1975) and others | Mao Zedong | |
| – | | Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large | 6 July 1976 | 5 March 1978 | Mao Zedong Hua Guofeng | |||
| After Zhu De's death, Soong Ching-ling served as acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the remainder of the 4th National People's Congress's term.[citation needed] She was a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang. | ||||||||
| – |  | Ye Jianying 叶剑英 (1897–1986) PLA | 5 March 1978 | 18 June 1983 | V | Soong Ching-ling and others | Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping | |
- Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | | Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large | 16 May 1981 | 29 May 1981 | V | Shortly before her death, Soong Ching-ling, a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, was named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China. |
The 4th Constitution (1983–present)
- President of the People's Republic of China
| Portrait | Name (Lifespan) Constituency | Term of office | NPC — (Election) | Vice President | Paramount leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 |  | Li Xiannian 李先念 (1909–1992) Hubei At-large | 18 June 1983 | 8 April 1988 | VI — (62.5%) | Ulanhu | Deng Xiaoping |
| During Li's term, China undertook major reforms in foreign policy, beginning to open up to the outside world. Li, who took on an important role in the ousting of the Gang of Four, became the first President of the People's Republic to visit the United States. He was also the first state president to visit North Korea. In 1984, Li met with U.S. President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. After leaving office as president, Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC. | |||||||
| 4 |  | Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 (1907–1998) PLA | 8 April 1988 | 27 March 1993 | VII — (66.8%) | Wang Zhen | Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin |
| An elder from the party's revolutionary days, Yang was a political survivor of the Cultural Revolution. During his presidency, Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization. Yang reached the height of his political career after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire. Yang served as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission between 1983 and 1993. | |||||||
| 5 |  | Jiang Zemin 江泽民 (1926–2022) Shanghai At-large | 27 March 1993 | 15 March 1998 | VIII — (68.4%) | Rong Yiren | Himself |
| 15 March 1998 | 15 March 2003 | IX — (71.5%) | Hu Jintao | ||||
| Once the mayor and party secretary of Shanghai, Jiang's assumption of the presidency in 1993 marked a return to the centralization of major titles at the national level – Jiang also held the more powerful offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 1989. Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with continued reforms, oversaw the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang was criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. | |||||||
| 6 |  | Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 (born 1942) Tibet At-large (until 2008) Jiangsu At-large (from 2008) | 15 March 2003 | 15 March 2008 | X — (72.9%) | Zeng Qinghong | Himself |
| 15 March 2008 | 14 March 2013 | XI — (70.27%) | Xi Jinping | ||||
| Hu, long having been anointed by Deng as Jiang's successor, took over the presidency in 2003, and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and a relatively smooth recovery from the Global Financial Crisis. China emerged as a major world power during Hu's term.[citation needed] | |||||||
| 7 |  | Xi Jinping 习近平 (born 1953) Shanghai At-large (until 2018) Inner Mongolia At-large (2018–2023) Jiangsu At-large (from 2023) | 14 March 2013 | 17 March 2018 | XII — (72.21%) | Li Yuanchao | Himself |
| 17 March 2018 | 10 March 2023 | XIII — (71.10%) | Wang Qishan | ||||
| 10 March 2023 | Incumbent | XIV — (70.60%) | Han Zheng | ||||
| Xi became president in 2013, and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2012. Xi increased the profile of the office of president in foreign affairs, for example receiving other heads of state during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, going on high-profile visits to the United Kingdom and the United States, and making an important address at the Global Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Under his leadership, Xi strengthened mass surveillance and launched Xinjiang internment camps. Xi presided over anti-corruption campaign. In foreign policy, Xi advocated for "Wolf warrior diplomacy". Term limits for the president were removed in 2018.[citation needed] | |||||||
Timeline
See also
- List of Chinese leaders
- Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
- Order of precedence in China
- Paramount leader - an informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the party and the People's Republic of China
References
- "National People's Congress Notice 1". People's Daily. 3 January 1965. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- "Communique of the expanded 12th plenary session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China". People's Daily Online. 3 January 1965. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- Sheng (盛), Yonghua (永華) (2006). Chronological Biography of Soong Ching-ling, 1893-1981 [宋慶齡年譜 1893-1981], in Chinese. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing [廣東人民出版社]. p. 2:1799. ISBN 7218052649.
- Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time. Archived from the original on January 18, 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- Kojima, Tomoyuki (November 2001). "China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers". Asia-Pacific Review. 8 (2): 81–95. doi:10.1080/09544120120098708. ISSN 1343-9006. S2CID 154907777.
Author: www.NiNa.Az
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The president of the People s Republic of China was created in 1954 when the first constitution consolidated the system of government in the People s Republic of China At the time the title was translated into English as State Chairman The position was abolished between 1975 and 1982 with the functions of state representative being performed by the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress The presidency was revived under the fourth constitution in 1982 List of state representativesGenerations of leadership Mao Zedong Administration Deng Xiaoping Administration Jiang Zemin Administration Hu Wen Administration Xi Li Administration Xi s general secretaryship Central People s Government 1949 1954 Chairman of the Central People s Government Portrait Name Lifespan Term of office Vice Chairmen Paramount leader Mao Zedong 毛泽东 1893 1976 1 October 1949 27 September 1954 Zhu De Liu Shaoqi Soong Ching ling Li Jishen Zhang Lan Gao Gang Himself Mao also held more powerful offices as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission making him the Paramount leader of China The 1st Constitution 1954 1975 Chairman of the People s Republic of China S No Portrait Name Lifespan Constituency Term of office NPC Vice Chairmen Paramount leader 1 Mao Zedong 毛泽东 1893 1976 Beijing At large 27 September 1954 27 April 1959 I Zhu De Mao Zedong 2 Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 1898 1969 Beijing At large 27 April 1959 3 January 1965 II Soong Ching ling Dong Biwu 3 January 1965 31 October 1968 III acting Soong Ching ling 宋庆龄 1893 1981 Shanghai At large 31 October 1968 24 February 1972 III Dong Biwu acting Dong Biwu 董必武 1886 1975 Hubei At large 24 February 1972 17 January 1975 III Soong Ching ling The 2nd and 3rd Constitutions 1975 1982 Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress Portrait Name Lifespan Constituency Term of office NPC Vice Chairmen Paramount leader Zhu De 朱德 1886 1976 Sichuan At large 17 January 1975 6 July1976 IV Soong Ching ling Dong Biwu died 2 April 1975 and others Mao Zedong Soong Ching ling 宋庆龄 1893 1981 Shanghai At large 6 July 1976 5 March 1978 Mao Zedong Hua Guofeng After Zhu De s death Soong Ching ling served as acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People s Congress for the remainder of the 4th National People s Congress s term citation needed She was a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang Ye Jianying 叶剑英 1897 1986 PLA 5 March 1978 18 June 1983 V Soong Ching ling and others Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping Honorary Chairwoman of the People s Republic of China Portrait Name Birth Death Constituency Term of office NPC Notes Soong Ching ling 宋庆龄 1893 1981 Shanghai At large 16 May 1981 29 May 1981 V Shortly before her death Soong Ching ling a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang was named Honorary Chairwoman of the People s Republic of China The 4th Constitution 1983 present President of the People s Republic of China Portrait Name Lifespan Constituency Term of office NPC Election Vice President Paramount leader 3 Li Xiannian 李先念 1909 1992 Hubei At large 18 June 1983 8 April 1988 VI 62 5 Ulanhu Deng Xiaoping During Li s term China undertook major reforms in foreign policy beginning to open up to the outside world Li who took on an important role in the ousting of the Gang of Four became the first President of the People s Republic to visit the United States He was also the first state president to visit North Korea In 1984 Li met with U S President Ronald Reagan during Reagan s visit to China notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President After leaving office as president Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC 4 Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 1907 1998 PLA 8 April 1988 27 March 1993 VII 66 8 Wang Zhen Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin An elder from the party s revolutionary days Yang was a political survivor of the Cultural Revolution During his presidency Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization Yang reached the height of his political career after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin s leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire Yang served as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission between 1983 and 1993 5 Jiang Zemin 江泽民 1926 2022 Shanghai At large 27 March 1993 15 March 1998 VIII 68 4 Rong Yiren Himself 15 March 1998 15 March 2003 IX 71 5 Hu Jintao Once the mayor and party secretary of Shanghai Jiang s assumption of the presidency in 1993 marked a return to the centralization of major titles at the national level Jiang also held the more powerful offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 1989 Under Jiang s leadership China experienced substantial developmental growth with continued reforms oversaw the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government Jiang was criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad 6 Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 born 1942 Tibet At large until 2008 Jiangsu At large from 2008 15 March 2003 15 March 2008 X 72 9 Zeng Qinghong Himself 15 March 2008 14 March 2013 XI 70 27 Xi Jinping Hu long having been anointed by Deng as Jiang s successor took over the presidency in 2003 and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and a relatively smooth recovery from the Global Financial Crisis China emerged as a major world power during Hu s term citation needed 7 Xi Jinping 习近平 born 1953 Shanghai At large until 2018 Inner Mongolia At large 2018 2023 Jiangsu At large from 2023 14 March 2013 17 March 2018 XII 72 21 Li Yuanchao Himself 17 March 2018 10 March 2023 XIII 71 10 Wang Qishan 10 March 2023 Incumbent XIV 70 60 Han Zheng Xi became president in 2013 and also held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2012 Xi increased the profile of the office of president in foreign affairs for example receiving other heads of state during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade going on high profile visits to the United Kingdom and the United States and making an important address at the Global Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland Under his leadership Xi strengthened mass surveillance and launched Xinjiang internment camps Xi presided over anti corruption campaign In foreign policy Xi advocated for Wolf warrior diplomacy Term limits for the president were removed in 2018 citation needed TimelineSee alsoChina portalPolitics portal List of Chinese leaders Leader of the Chinese Communist Party Order of precedence in China Paramount leader an informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the party and the People s Republic of ChinaReferences National People s Congress Notice 1 People s Daily 3 January 1965 Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 Retrieved 2013 11 24 Communique of the expanded 12th plenary session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China People s Daily Online 3 January 1965 Retrieved 2013 11 24 Sheng 盛 Yonghua 永華 2006 Chronological Biography of Soong Ching ling 1893 1981 宋慶齡年譜 1893 1981 in Chinese Guangzhou Guangdong People s Publishing 廣東人民出版社 p 2 1799 ISBN 7218052649 Anderson Kurt 7 May 1984 History Beckons Again Time Archived from the original on January 18 2005 Retrieved 19 August 2011 Kojima Tomoyuki November 2001 China s Omnidirectional Diplomacy Cooperation with all Emphasis on Major Powers Asia Pacific Review 8 2 81 95 doi 10 1080 09544120120098708 ISSN 1343 9006 S2CID 154907777