Azərbaycanca
Deutsch
English
Français
Русский
ภาษาไทย
Українська
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
| |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1922–1936 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Flag (1925–1936)  Emblem (1930–1936) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: Интернационал "The Internationale" | |||||||||||||||||||
 Location of the Transcaucasian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union | |||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Union Republic of the Soviet Union (1922–1936) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tiflis (Tbilisi) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Armenian Azerbaijani Georgian Russian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ethnic groups (1926) | 30.7% Georgians 28.2% Azerbaijanis 22.7% Armenians 5.7% Russians 5.2% Iranian peoples 1.1% Jews 1.0% Lezgic peoples 1.0% Greeks 1.0% Abkhazians 3.4% Others | ||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Transcaucasian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Federal Soviet socialist republic | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | |||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 12 March 1922 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 5 December 1936 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 186,043 km2 (71,832 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
• Water | 2,785 km2 (1,075 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
• Water (%) | 1.49% | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Transcaucasian rouble, Soviet rouble | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of |
| ||||||||||||||||||
The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics establishing the Soviet Union in 1922. The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.
History
The roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918, following the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation. Competing ethno-national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later, in April 1918.
The three successor states—the First Republic of Armenia, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia—lasted until the end of the Russian Civil War that was being fought across the mountains, when they were invaded by the Red Army and sovietized. Following the proposal by Vladimir Lenin the three now Soviet Republics, the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922. On 13 December that year, the First transformed this federation of states into a unified federal state and renamed it into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, though keeping formally the autonomy of its constituent republics. The congress also adopted the constitution, appointed the (the highest legislative body between congressional sessions), and the Council of People's Commissars (the government). Mamia Orakhelashvili, a Georgian Bolshevik leader, became the first chairman of the Transcaucasian SFSR's Council of People's Commissars. Tbilisi was the capital of the republic.
The republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on 30 December along with the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Byelorussian SSR. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved and divided again among the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs.
Autonomous republics within the TSFSR
After the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Abkhazia (an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia) was declared a Soviet Republic. In March 1922, the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee renamed the region the SSR of Abkhazia. Despite the declaration of this new Soviet Republic, its relations with Georgia and Russia had yet to be formally settled. On December 16, 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR codifying its status as a treaty republic (Russian: договорная республика). This agreement allowed the formation of an Abkhazia military while also establishing a political and financial union between the two Soviet republics. Thus, through Georgia, Abkhazia joined the TSFSR and was initially on an equal footing with the other republics of the federation. On February 19, 1931, Abkhazia's republican status was downgraded to that of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.
The Adjar ASSR was established on July 16, 1921, within the Georgian SSR as a consequence of the Treaty of Kars. The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire between Georgia and Turkey. According to the agreement the northern half with significant Georgian Muslim population would become part of the Soviet Georgia but granted autonomy.
Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in Nakhchivan, an area bordering Armenia, Turkey and Iran, which was claimed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis. After the occupation of the region by the Red Army, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared with "close ties" to the Azerbaijani SSR. The Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars established the Nakhchivan region as an autonomous republic under the protection of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.
Heads of state
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
| Name | Dates | Party |
|---|---|---|
| Nariman Narimanov | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
| Polikarp Mdivani | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Georgia |
| Aleksandr Myasnikyan | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Armenia |
| Name | Dates | Party |
|---|---|---|
| Nariman Narimanov | 1922–1925 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
| Gazanfar Musabekov | 1925–1938 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan |
| Name | Period | For |
|---|---|---|
| Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time) | 1922–1927 | Georgia |
| Samad aga Aliyev | 1922–1929 | Azerbaijan |
| Sarkis Hambartsumyan | 1922–1925 | Armenia |
| Sarkis Kasyan | 1927–1931 | Armenia |
| Filipp Makharadze (1st time) | 1927–1928 | Georgia |
| Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time) | 1928–1931 | Georgia |
| Gazanfar Musabekov | 1929–1931 | Azerbaijan |
| Filipp Makharadze (2nd time) | 1931–1935 | Georgia |
| 1931–1935 | Armenia | |
| Sultan Majid Afandiyev | 1931–1936 | Azerbaijan |
| 1935–1936 | Armenia | |
| Avel Enukidze | March–May 1935 | Georgia |
| Filipp Makharadze (3rd time) | 1935–1936 | Georgia |
Stamps and postal history
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2011) |
Before 1923, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan each issued their own postage stamps. The Transcaucasian Federation began issuing its own stamps on September 15, 1923, and superseded the separate republics' issues on October 1.
The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia overprinted with a star containing the five-letter acronym of the Federation inside the points. Massive inflation having set in, this was followed by an issue of the Federation's own designs, four values of a view of oil fields, and four with a montage of Soviet symbols over mountains and oil derricks, values ranging from 40,000 to 500,000 Transcaucasian rubles. The 40,000 rubles and 75,000 rubles were then surcharged to 700,000 rubles. On October 24, the stamps were re-issued with values from 1 to 18 gold kopecks. Starting in 1924, the Federation used stamps of the Soviet Union.
-
![image]()
A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Russian Empire -
![image]()
A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Democratic Republic of Armenia -
![image]()
1923 40,000-rouble stamp -
![image]()
1923 two-kopeck stamp
Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today, with 1998 prices in the US$1–2 range, although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US$200.[citation needed] As might be expected from a short period of usage, used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen.
See also
- Kars Republic
- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Far Eastern Republic
- Don Republic
- Kuban People's Republic
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
- Republics of the Soviet Union
- Komancza Republic
Notes
- "закавказская федерация".
- Suny 1994, pp. 191–192
- Suny 1994, p. 245
- Закавказская федерация Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.)
- Saparov 2015, pp. 50–57
- Hewitt 1993, p. 271
- Blauvelt 2007, p. 212
- Text of the Treaty of Kars
- "Transcaucasia | Stamps and postal history | StampWorldHistory". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 12 August 2018.[title missing]
Bibliography
- Blauvelt, Timothy (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", Nationalities Papers, 35 (2): 203–232, doi:10.1080/00905990701254318, S2CID 128803263
- Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne (January 2018), "Soviet Federalism at Work: Lessons from the History of the Transcaucasian Federation, 1922–1936", Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 65 (4): 529–559, doi:10.25162/jgo-2017-0020, S2CID 252457317
- Hewitt, B.G. (1993), "Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership", Central Asian Survey, 12 (3): 267–323, doi:10.1080/02634939308400819
- Lang, David Marshall (1962), A History of Modern Georgia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
- Saparov, Arsène (2015), From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41-565802-7
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press
Author: www.NiNa.Az
Publication date:
wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games, mobile, phone, android, ios, apple, mobile phone, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, pc, web, computer
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic or simply Transcaucasia was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet RepublicArmenian Անդրկովկասի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Դաշնային Ֆեդերատիվ Հանրապետություն Andrkovkasi Khorhrdayin Soc ialistakan Dashnayin Federativ Hanrapetut yun Azerbaijani Zaqafqaziya Sosialist Federativ Sovet Respublikasi زاقافقازیا اجتماعی فدراتیو شورا جمهوریتی Georgian ამიერკავკასიის საბჭოთა ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Amierk avk asiis Sabch ota Pederatsiuli Sotsialist uri Resp ublik a Russian Zakavkazskaya Socialisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika Zakavkazskaya Sotsalisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika1922 1936Flag 1925 1936 Emblem 1930 1936 Anthem Internacional The Internationale source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track Location of the Transcaucasian SFSR red within the Soviet UnionStatusUnion Republic of the Soviet Union 1922 1936 CapitalTiflis Tbilisi Common languagesArmenian Azerbaijani Georgian RussianEthnic groups 1926 30 7 Georgians 28 2 Azerbaijanis 22 7 Armenians 5 7 Russians 5 2 Iranian peoples 1 1 Jews 1 0 Lezgic peoples 1 0 Greeks 1 0 Abkhazians 3 4 OthersDemonym s TranscaucasianGovernmentFederal Soviet socialist republicLegislatureHistory Established12 March 1922 Disestablished5 December 1936Area Total186 043 km2 71 832 sq mi Water2 785 km2 1 075 sq mi Water 1 49 CurrencyTranscaucasian rouble Soviet roublePreceded by Succeeded by SSR Abkhazia Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSRToday part ofArmenia Azerbaijan Georgia Abkhazia South Ossetia The TSFSR comprised Armenia Azerbaijan and Georgia traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics establishing the Soviet Union in 1922 The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union HistoryThe roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918 following the October Revolution when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation Competing ethno national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later in April 1918 The three successor states the First Republic of Armenia the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan and the Democratic Republic of Georgia lasted until the end of the Russian Civil War that was being fought across the mountains when they were invaded by the Red Army and sovietized Following the proposal by Vladimir Lenin the three now Soviet Republics the Armenian Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922 On 13 December that year the First transformed this federation of states into a unified federal state and renamed it into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic though keeping formally the autonomy of its constituent republics The congress also adopted the constitution appointed the the highest legislative body between congressional sessions and the Council of People s Commissars the government Mamia Orakhelashvili a Georgian Bolshevik leader became the first chairman of the Transcaucasian SFSR s Council of People s Commissars Tbilisi was the capital of the republic The republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on 30 December along with the Russian SFSR the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR In December 1936 the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved and divided again among the Georgian Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs Autonomous republics within the TSFSRMap of the Transcaucasian region during the Soviet era After the Red Army invasion of Georgia Abkhazia an autonomous province within the Democratic Republic of Georgia was declared a Soviet Republic In March 1922 the Abkhaz Revolutionary committee renamed the region the SSR of Abkhazia Despite the declaration of this new Soviet Republic its relations with Georgia and Russia had yet to be formally settled On December 16 1921 Abkhazia signed a treaty of alliance with the Georgian SSR codifying its status as a treaty republic Russian dogovornaya respublika This agreement allowed the formation of an Abkhazia military while also establishing a political and financial union between the two Soviet republics Thus through Georgia Abkhazia joined the TSFSR and was initially on an equal footing with the other republics of the federation On February 19 1931 Abkhazia s republican status was downgraded to that of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR The Adjar ASSR was established on July 16 1921 within the Georgian SSR as a consequence of the Treaty of Kars The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire between Georgia and Turkey According to the agreement the northern half with significant Georgian Muslim population would become part of the Soviet Georgia but granted autonomy Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in Nakhchivan an area bordering Armenia Turkey and Iran which was claimed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis After the occupation of the region by the Red Army the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was declared with close ties to the Azerbaijani SSR The Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars established the Nakhchivan region as an autonomous republic under the protection of the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan Heads of stateThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message Chairs of the Union Council Name Dates Party Nariman Narimanov March December 1922 Communist Party of Azerbaijan Polikarp Mdivani March December 1922 Communist Party of Georgia Aleksandr Myasnikyan March December 1922 Communist Party of Armenia Chairmen of the Presidium of the USSR CEC from TSFSR Name Dates Party Nariman Narimanov 1922 1925 Communist Party of Azerbaijan Gazanfar Musabekov 1925 1938 Communist Party of Azerbaijan Chairs of the Central Executive Committee Name Period For Mikhail Tskhakaya 1st time 1922 1927 Georgia Samad aga Aliyev 1922 1929 Azerbaijan Sarkis Hambartsumyan 1922 1925 Armenia Sarkis Kasyan 1927 1931 Armenia Filipp Makharadze 1st time 1927 1928 Georgia Mikhail Tskhakaya 2nd time 1928 1931 Georgia Gazanfar Musabekov 1929 1931 Azerbaijan Filipp Makharadze 2nd time 1931 1935 Georgia 1931 1935 Armenia Sultan Majid Afandiyev 1931 1936 Azerbaijan 1935 1936 Armenia Avel Enukidze March May 1935 Georgia Filipp Makharadze 3rd time 1935 1936 GeorgiaStamps and postal historyThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message Before 1923 Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan each issued their own postage stamps The Transcaucasian Federation began issuing its own stamps on September 15 1923 and superseded the separate republics issues on October 1 The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia overprinted with a star containing the five letter acronym of the Federation inside the points Massive inflation having set in this was followed by an issue of the Federation s own designs four values of a view of oil fields and four with a montage of Soviet symbols over mountains and oil derricks values ranging from 40 000 to 500 000 Transcaucasian rubles The 40 000 rubles and 75 000 rubles were then surcharged to 700 000 rubles On October 24 the stamps were re issued with values from 1 to 18 gold kopecks Starting in 1924 the Federation used stamps of the Soviet Union A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Russian Empire A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Democratic Republic of Armenia 1923 40 000 rouble stamp 1923 two kopeck stamp Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today with 1998 prices in the US 1 2 range although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US 200 citation needed As might be expected from a short period of usage used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen See alsoAzerbaijan portalGeorgia country portalSoviet Union portal Kars Republic Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Lithuanian Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Far Eastern Republic Don Republic Kuban People s Republic Bavarian Soviet Republic Republics of the Soviet Union Komancza RepublicNotes zakavkazskaya federaciya Suny 1994 pp 191 192 Suny 1994 p 245 Zakavkazskaya federaciya Archived 2015 09 25 at the Wayback Machine Bolshaya sovetskaya enciklopediya 3 e izd gl red A M Prohorov Moskva Sovetskaya enciklopediya 1972 T 9 A M Prokhorov et al eds 1972 Transcaucasian Federation Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian Vol 9 Moscow Soviet Encyclopedia Saparov 2015 pp 50 57 Hewitt 1993 p 271 Blauvelt 2007 p 212 Text of the Treaty of Kars Transcaucasia Stamps and postal history StampWorldHistory Archived from the original on 2017 12 14 Retrieved 12 August 2018 title missing BibliographyBlauvelt Timothy May 2007 Abkhazia Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era Nationalities Papers 35 2 203 232 doi 10 1080 00905990701254318 S2CID 128803263 Forestier Peyrat Etienne January 2018 Soviet Federalism at Work Lessons from the History of the Transcaucasian Federation 1922 1936 Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 65 4 529 559 doi 10 25162 jgo 2017 0020 S2CID 252457317 Hewitt B G 1993 Abkhazia a problem of identity and ownership Central Asian Survey 12 3 267 323 doi 10 1080 02634939308400819 Lang David Marshall 1962 A History of Modern Georgia London Weidenfeld and Nicolson Saparov Arsene 2015 From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh New York City Routledge ISBN 978 0 41 565802 7 Suny Ronald Grigor 1994 The Making of the Georgian Nation Second ed Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press